Paper 3

Question 1

Quasi-experiements

Answer 1

• participants are grouped based on characteristics of interest
• one characteristic is isolated
• high eco validity
• if no control group, problem with internal validity

Question 2

Correlations research

Answer 2

• focus on two variables (co-variables)
• high eco validity
• variables are isolated
• no cause-effect relationship

Question 3

Field experiements

Answer 3

IV is manipulated in a real life environment
- eco validity
- hard to replicate
- problem with informed consent

Question 4

Experiements

Answer 4

• clear IV and DV
• controlled DV
• IV is graduated with a range of conditions or just control and test condition
• establishes cause-effect relationship
• easily replicable
• lack of eco validity
• nuanced factors are ignored.

Question 5

Natural experiments

Answer 5

• naturally occuring variables are being studied
• only only the effect of idenitfied IV on DV is recorded.
• high eco validity
• variables are isolated/researched in a semi controlled way
• no cause-effect relationship
• problem with informed consent

Question 6

Surveys

Answer 6

highly focused Qs that can be answered on scale

• large amount of data is collected
• patterns can be seen
• variables are not manipulated therefore no cause-effect relationship
• data not very in depth

Question 7

Talk about ethics

Answer 7

anonimity confidentiality:
- participants should be informed about the issues surrounding anonymity conf

• research data shouldn’t be known to anyone outside the study
• the way data is stored may also respect confidentiality

Protecting participants:

• preventin action should be taken to avoid harming the patient, especially in sensitive topics
• participants should have clear understanding of the topic
• researchers should be addressed in a clear and direct fassion
• researchers should be empathetic of the participant’s confort

informed consent:

• participants should know their participation is voluntary

-the researchers must provide the participant with sufficient information about the study (who, how, what)

Question 8

Non-participant observation

Answer 8

reseacher observes participants with or without their knowledge

more objective and ethical

limitation: creates a reaction to being observed

Question 9

Participant observation

Answer 9

researcher becomes part of the group

aim: gain intimacy with given area of interest in a natural setting. the researcher is also affected as he will reflect the behaviours—> possible loss of objectivity

detailed and in-depth personal knowledge

avoids researcher’s bias

holistic interpretation of a topic

Question 10

overt vs covert observation

Answer 10

parti know they are watched vs parti not aware

Question 11

interviews

Answer 11

gives point of view of participant
- if followed by survey findings can be generalized

either unstructured interview giving i depthjn rich nuanced data but hardly replicable

or semi-structured where a specific theme is explored and there is a greater flexibility regarding the order of questions.

less potential bias

but confirmatio bias

Question 12

focus groups

Answer 12

member of common characteristics —> purposive sampling

the researcher is the facilitator

convenient to collect large data

bias due to conformity or group think

highlight cultural values and norms

Question 13

case studies

Answer 13

detailed analysis over time of singular area of interest to produce in-depth, context dependent knowledge

includes triangulation
conclusion made based on multiple sources

phenomenon that could not be studied otherwise

but difficult to replicate

and risk for researcher’s bias.

Question 14

Naturalistic observation

Answer 14

observations of naturally occuring behaviour in a natural setting, field notes

high eco vali

observing without consent

unreliable because conscious decision about what, when and how observed

Question 15

talk about generalization

Answer 15

Inferential generalization:

findings of the study can be applied to settings outside the setting of the study (external validity)

will depend on depth of description

inferences can be made

Theoretical generalization

Theoretical concept derived from the study can be used to develop further theory

findings may lead to inferences about contributions to social theory

Representational generalization:

findings from qualitative research studies cna be applied to populations outside the population of the study

qualitative research is not statistically representative and may not be generalized.

Question 16

How do you achieve credibility?

Answer 16

you could include samples form interview or support claims wiht excerpts from the interview

or explain the decision the researchers came to

use peer review as well as insight form other researchers

Question 17

What is reflexibility

Answer 17

researcher should be aware of his own contributions to the construction of meaning in the research process

reflexibility in the ability to reflect on sources of bias

reasercher could reveal where their own beliefs stands

Question 18

Explain triangulation

Answer 18

cross verificaiton from two or more sources

Question 19

what are the types of biases?

Answer 19

Research bias:

the researcher influenced his own results —> reflexibility comes into play

Participant bias/demand characteristics : participant act according to how they think the researcher may want them to act

Sampling bias: the sample is not representative of the target population.