Poetry Flashcards
what is:
Rule-adding creativity
Additional constraints on how we speak or write
Have to have harmony with the rules of ordinary language
define the rhyme and the coda in:
rain, spain, pain
and explain why the part that rhymes rhymes
ai = rhyme
N = coda
What rimes is the part of the syllable that has the greates sonority (relative loudness) and can be futher dividived into the peak and the coda
Maskuline rhyme
Rhyme only effects the last syllable of the rhyme (keep, deep), fire/desire, mark/stark,
Femenim rhyme
Rhymes on two syllables (not often)
steaming and beaming,
Trippel rhymes
Rhymes on three syllables
(very rare)
Alliteration
Rhymes based on the identity of the onset
E.g. Alliteration is a literary device that involves two or more words that appear close together and have the same initial stressed consonant syllable.“Good grief” and “red rose”are two examples. This repeat of sound usually involves the same letters in both words.
Identical rhymes
E.g. Identical rhyme is rhyming a word with itself by using the exact same word in the rhyming position. In some cases, the repeated word refers to a different meaning. For example:day by day, until the break of day
Euphony
the quality of pleasing the ear
Prosody
the patterns of rhythm and sound used in poetry.
Elevation
“Poetry draws attention to itself and its soundscape“
Harmony of sounds sets
Mnemonical
Rhymes imprint themselves on our verbal memories, its easier to remember
Structuring (in regard to rhyme)
Rhymes mark the end of units (verses, stanzas)
They foreground structure and shape
Sonnets e.g. of rhyme schemes to bind groups of verses together and setting them from one another.
Semantics
Words can be semantically activated or energized. This includes a on the corresponding or contrastive semantic relation between the rhyming words.
Google: For example, “destination” and “last stop” technically mean the same thing, but students of semantics analyze their subtle shades of meaning.
Prosodic properties of language:
Intonation, stress, loudness
qualitative metre
A metrical organization based on stress counting
quantitative metre
A purely syllabic Metre based on syllable counting
Metrical Grid
underlines the rhythm of a poem
The basic layer of or dimension of rhythm
The three distinctions in possible prosodic levels of prominence
- A sentential stress (focal accent)
- Secondary stress
(For example, secondary stress is said to arise in compound words like vacuum cleaner, where the first syllable of vacuum has primary stress, while the first syllable of cleaner is usually said to have secondary stress.) - Unstressed syllable
The foot
a recurrent combination of stressed metrically strong syllables (/)
And unstressed metrically weak syllables (x)
(X/)
Iambic
(/x)
Trochaic
(/xx)
Dactylic
(xx/)
Anapestic
Monosyllable:
enstavelse
Polysyllabic
wordshave many syllables. The word librarian is polysyllabic, but the word book is not.
One syllable is the most prominent
Lexical Stress
syllable stress
Focal accent
(sentence stress)
Catena
Lexical chain
(pleasure -read - reading - know -knowledge)
Rule-breaking creativity
Rule-breaking is disruption of the grid, which makes the readers question their expectation of regularity.
Iconicity
Example:
A road sign that marks a bicycle lane and has an image of bicycle on itis iconic because the form of the sign, in particular the graphic image on it, is related in a direct way to its meaning; both form and meaning have to do with bicycles
couplet
A famous example of a rhyming couplet is:Double, double, toil and trouble;Fire burn and cauldron bubble. In this rhyming couplet, ‘trouble’ and ‘bubble’ rhyme
quatrain
is simply a stanza made of four lines.
what is an octet or sektet
8 or 6 lines
The Volta
The Italian word for “turn,” a volta isa rhetorical shift that marks the change of a thought or argument in a poem. Other common names for volta include turn, fulcrum, or hinge.
Narrative poetry vs Lyric poetry
. Narrative poetry: long poems (epic, romance, ballads)
Lyric poetry: shorter poems focusing on specific impression or idea
Speaker
A persona or voice present their feelings, observations and reflections to an implicit or explicit listener or fictional addressee
Persona
A persona poem isa poem in which the poet speaks through an assumed voice. Also known as a dramatic monologue, this poetic form shares many characteristics with a theatrical monologue: an audience is implied; there is no dialogue; and the poet takes on the voice of a character, a fictional identity, or a persona.
Voice
Voice, simply put, isthe person behind the words that speaks out to the audience. It is made up of many poetic elements such as tone, imagery, rhythm, diction, punctuation, and more.
Versification:
The techniques, principles and practices of composing verse.
Especially in its technical aspects of metre, rhyme, and stanza form the conversion of a prose passage
Or word into metrical verse form.
Blank Verse
Regular metrical lines without rhymes
Which is a characteristic feature of Shakespeare’s plays (usually iambic pentameter)
Eye rhyme:
asimilaritybetween words in spelling but not inpronunciation, for exampleloveandmove.
Other deffinition An eye rhyme, also called a visual rhyme or a sight rhyme, isa rhyme in which two words are spelled similarly but pronounced differently.
Enjambment
is the continuation of a sentence or clause across a line break. For example, the poet John Donne uses enjambment in his poem “The Good-Morrow” when he continues the opening sentence across the line break between the first and second lines: “I wonder, by my troth, what thou and I / Did, till we loved?
It’s a syntactic unit that stretch across verse endings.
Caesura:
Line break or pause within the line (for eksample semi collon)
what kind of rhymes:
1. aa bb cc
2. abab cdcd
3. abba cddc
4. aba bcb cdc
5. aab ccb
Rhyming couplets: aa bb cc
Alternate rhyme: abab cdcd
Embracing Rhyme: abba cddc
Chain rhyme aba bcb cdc
Tail rhyme aab ccb
Rhyming couplets:
Alternate rhyme:
Embracing Rhyme:
Chain rhyme
Tail rhyme
- aa bb cc
- abab cdcd
- abba cddc
- aba bcb cdc
- aab ccb
Iamb
a beat in a line of poetry where one stressed syllable is followed by a
Unstressed syllable.
Metre:
1. three stresses
2. four stresses
3. fivemetricalfeet
4. six stresses
- Trimeter
- Tetrameter
- Pentameter
- Hexameter
Free verse:
No fixed rhyme or metre but nonetheless rhythm
Verbal repetition:
Repeating the same words or phrases in a literary work of poetry or prose can bring clarity to an idea and/or make it memorable for the reader.
Anaphora
repetition of the same word or group of words at the beginning of lines
Terchet
A poetic unit of three lines, rhymed or unrhymed.
Italian sonnet (pertronic not sure spelling)
First quatrain: abba
Sencond quatrain: abba
Together they form an octave = An eight-line stanza or poem.
Then a turn (also called volta)
The volta, or turn, isa rhetorical shift or dramatic change in thought and/or emotion.
Then a six line unit a sekstet)
First tercet cde
Second terchet: cde
Englosch Sonnet:
Iambic pentameter
First quatrain: abab
Second quatrain: cdcd
Third qustrain efef
Turn
Couplet: gg
Idiomatic phrases
Anything idiomatic relates toexpressions that cannot be understood according to their literal meaning, like “it’s raining cats and dogs” or “bite the bullet.”
what is the Tenor and the vehicle in a Metafor
can be divided into to parts
1. The Tenor (what is actually under discussion)
2. The vehicle (Image in terms of which the tenor is represented)
Example: Human elephant
The metaphor: making believe that tenor and vehicle are identical
Simile
- Example: Life is like a walking shadow.
The two things to be compared are sort of spellef out.
The comparison itself is made explicit by using words like: like, as…as, more than,
Synecdoche
(part of Metonymy )
Synecdoche isa figure of speech in which you use a part of something to stand for the whole thing. If your parents buy you a car and you say that you just got a new set of wheels, you’re using synecdoche — you’re using the wheels, which are part of a car, to refer to the whole car
Metonymy
A figure of speech that replaces the name of one thing with the name of something else closely associated with it
E.g. Bottle for alcoholic drink, Mozart for Mozart’s music
Synasthesia
- A blending confusion of different kinds of sense-impressions in which one type of sensation is referred to in terms more appropriate to another
Example: I should hear him fly )instead of I should see him fly)
Allegory:
The Oxford English Dictionary defines“allegory”as a“story, picture, or other piece of art that usessymbolsto convey a hidden or ulterior meaning, typically a moral or political one.
Topos
Situation, incident, idea, image, or character-type that is found in may different literary works, folktales or myths. Or any element of worm that is elaborated into a more general theme.
consonance
A resemblance in sound between two words, or an initial rhyme (see also Alliteration). Consonance can also refer to shared consonants, whether in sequence (“bed” and “bad”) or reversed (“bud” and “dab”). Browse poems with consonance.
Assonans
Assonance is the repetition of the vowel sound across words within the lines of the poem creating internal rhymes. Examples of assonance across words include: crying time; hop-scotch; great flakes; between trees; and, the kind knight rides by.
Onomatopoeia
Onomatopoeia are words that describe or imitate sounds. e.g. Moo, ribbit, shhh
euphemism
a mild or indirect word or expression substituted for one considered to be too harsh or blunt when referring to something unpleasant or embarrassing.
hyperbole
Hyperbole is a rhetorical and literary technique where an author or speaker intentionally uses exaggeration and overstatement for emphasis and effect.
“I’m so hungry, I could eat a horse,” “I’ve seen this movie a hundred times,” or “It cost an arm and a leg.”
Personification
A concrete or abstract element is presented as if it were alive or human
Metaphor
In a metaphor the idea is presented as an imaginary identity rather than directly stated as a comparison.
Referring to a man as a pig is metaphorical in comparison saying he is like a pig is a simile.
Creating a relationship of similarity
Metaphors we live by: Life is a journey - has taken a life of is own, it is an essential part of how we think about life
Antonomasia:
In fiction,the practice of giving to a character a proper name that defines or suggests a leading quality of that character(such as Squire Allworthy, Doctor Sawbones, little napoleon), is also called antonomasia.
Periphrasis/circumlocution
Description of element by making reference to its characteristics
The bleating kind = sheep
