POB Exam 4 Flashcards
What is an animal
They are
Multicellular eukaryotes
Move with muscle fibers
Ingest food
Zygote divides by mitosis to form a hollow ball called a
Embryonic development
Blastula
Animals evolved from what/ when
Protist 600 MYA
What are the two major groups of animals
Invertebrates and vertebrates
Invertebrates characteristics
Lack endoskeleton of bone or cartilage
Evolved first and outnumber vertebrates
Vertebrates characteristics
Have endoskeleton of nine or cartilage
Humans are radially symmetrical t or f
False we are bilateral
What is the types of symmetry
Asymmetrical
Radial symmetry
Bilateral symmetry
What is asymmetrical
No symmetry
Ex. Sponge
What is radial symmetry
Circular organization - logitudinal slices will produce mirror images
Ex. Hydra
Bilateral symmetry
Definite right and left halves
Cut down middle produce mirror image
Ex. Human
Level of animal organization
Cellular: no true tissue Ex.Sponges
Tissue: have 2 of 3 germ layers - ectoderm and endoderm Ex. Cnidarians
Organ: have all 3 germ layers - ectoderm endoderm mesoderm Ex. Majority of animal
What are germ layers in order from out to in
Ectoderm
Mesoderm
Endoderm
If have all three they are called triploblastic
Embryonic development: fate of blastopore
If protostome mouth develop 1st
M to P
If deuterostomes anus develop 1st
A to D
Phylogenetic tree of animals: evolutionary level of organization in order
Multicellularity True tissue Bilateral symmetry Protostome development Deuterostomes development
Sponges characteristics
Asymmetrical Cellular level of organization Multicellular but lack true tissue Filter feeders Has sponging ( proteinaceous skeleton )
Cnidarians characteristic
Radial symmetry True tissue All aquatic Stinging cells (cnidocytes) Ex. Hydra, anemones, coral, sea jelly
Cnidarian two forms
Polyps and Medusa
Polyps (secondary stage) - baby
Medusa (primary stage) - adult
Polyps characteristic
Mouth and tentacles are directed up
Ex. Sessil
Sea anemones
Corals
Medusa characteristic
Bell shaped mouth directed down
Ex. Jelly fish
Which nidarian represents polyps form
Jelly
Coral
Coral
What falls under trochozoans
Flatworm
Annelise
Mollusks
Flatworms characteristic
Incomplete digestive tract (poop out of mouth)
No body cavity
Two types:
Non parasitic and parasitic
Non parasitic flatworm
Planarian
- freshwater
- eye spot
- feed on small organism
- muscle and excretory, reproductive and digestive systems
Parasitic flatworm
Tapeworm
- host eat meat with bladder worm
- worm grows in intestine feeding of nutrients
Mollusks characteristics
Visceral mass - include organs
Foot: muscular portion (locomotion)
Mantle: covering the enclosed visceral mass
Ex. Gastropod Cephalopod Bivalves
Gastropod characteristic
Snail and conchs
Foot is flattened
(Muscle contractions along foot)
Herbivores and carnivores
Shells
Cephalopods characteristics
Octopus and squids Foot has evolved into funnel or siphon Powerful beak and radula for feeding Cephalization present Octopus no shell - squid have reduce shell
Bivalves characteristic
Clam oyster scallops and mussels
Two part shell composed of protein and calcium carbonate
Gills in mantle cavity (gas exchange)
Filter feeder
Annelids characteristic
Segmented - each move independently
No internal Skelton - hydrostatic Skelton
Movement by contraction and expansion of body segment
Ex. Earthworm
Earthworm characteristic
Scavenger Head not developed Gas exchange throughout body (slimy) Hermaphroditic (both sex) - both have sperm and egg - clitellum secrete mucus to protect sperm
Ecydsozoans characteristic
Arthropod and roundworm
Outer covering to protect and support animal
Periodically sheds
Arthropod characteristic
More than 1 milk species described 30 mill may exist (mostly insect)
Segmentation Joint appendages Exoskeleton Respiratory organs (variety) Metamorphosis
Ex. Crustacean Insect Arachnids
Crustacean characteristic
Largely marine arthropod
-barnacle shrimp lobster crab
Some fresh water (crayfish)
Some terrestrial (sow or pill bug)
Hard exoskeleton
Insect characteristic
Divided into 3 parts - head - abdomen - thorax H- sensory antennae, simple eyes, mouth A- internal organ T- 3 pair of legs and wings
Insect diversity facts
1 mill described species
400k species of beetle
Insect adapt to land how?
Respiratory systems (spiracles lead into trachea) - small tube of air throughout body
Reproduction and development
- internal fertilization (protect gamete and zygote)
-
Insect metamorphosis?
Gradual metamorphosis
Larva (baby) —> becomes adult (look different)
Ex. Caterpillar to Butterfly
Complete metamorphosis
Nymph (bby) —> looks like adult but small —> adult (larger nymph)
Arachnids characteristics
Cephalothorax has six pair of appendages
-chelicerae ,pedipalps ,four pair of walking legs
Abdomen contains organs
Ex. Scorpion spider ticks mites
Scorpions characteristic
Oldest terrestrial Arthropods
Pedipalps are large pincers
Long abdomen with poison barb
Tick and mites characteristic
Parasites - transmit disease like Rocky Mountain spotted fever and Lyme disease
Spider characteristic
Narrow waist separate cephalothorax from abdomen
Chelicerae have fangs that have venom
Book lungs
Silk gland
Which animal is closely related to human?
Cnidarians
Arthropod
Sea stars
Sea stars
Deiterostomes: invertebrate kind characteristic
Diverse group of marine animal
Endoskeleton (rich calcium plates)
Spikes sticking out of skin
Ex. Star fish
Star fish characteristic
Adult - radial symmetry
Baby - bilateral
Five rated body with mouth on underside anis on top
Reproduction:
Sexual and asexual
Do all chordates have vertebral column
False not all
Chordate characteristics
Notochord
Dorsal tubular nerve chord
Pharyngeal pouches
Post anal tail
Notochord what is
Dorsal supporting rod, replaced by vertebral column during development of vertebrates
Dorsal tubular nerve chord is what
Nerve chord contains fluid canal
Pharyngeal pouches are what
Final development depends on the adult chordate
Most have but only in embryonic development
Post anal tail is what
Tail that extends beyond anus
Evolutionary trends among chordates
Non vertebrate
- tunicates and lancelets (no vertebrate)
Vertebrate chordate
- jaw less fish - cartilagenous fish - bony fish (ray + lobbed) - amphibian - reptile - bird - mammal
Non vertebrate chordate characteristic
Do not develope vertebral column from notochord
Ex. Lancelets
Shallow coastal water
All four chordate characteristic in adult
Filter feeder
Characteristic of vertebrate chordate
Embryonic notochord replaced by vertebral column
Endoskeleton w muscles
Rapid movement/ rapid respiration
Strong cephalization
Ex. Jawless fish - cartilaginous fish - bony fish - amphibians- reptile - bird - mammals
Jawless fish characteristic
Cylindrical body No scale No jaw or fin Extreme slime defense Ex. Hagfish
Fish with jaws characteristic
Tooth bearing structures in head evolved from gill arches
Cartilaginous fish
- ray, skates, shark
Skeleton is cartalaginous
Sense electrical currents
Bony fish characteristic
Ray finned
- paired fins supported by bony ray
- swim bladder
- streamline shape
- bony scale
Lobbed fin - developed lungs - evolved into amphibian Ex. Coelacanth Ex. Tiktaalik
Amphibians transition to land how
Tetrapods (four limbs) Ears Larynx for vocalization Larger brain then fish relative to body Small lungs in adults Larval stage (water) adult (land) Reproduction in water
Penguins can keep warm bc they have fur (true or false)
False they have feathers
Reptiles characteristic
Evidence says birds are living dinosaurs
Today’s true reptiles include:
Turtle alligator snake lizards birds
Reptiles are ectothermic (use environment to get heat) - very efficient
(Exclude birds)
Adaption to land by reptile
Body covered by scales to protect drying out
Well developed senses
Well developed lungs with rib cage
Sexual reproduction: males has penis fertilize internally female who have shelled egg
Amniotic egg
What is an amniotic egg
Egg provides embryo with o2 and food and water
Remove nitrogenous waste
Prevent egg from drying
Tiny holes in them
Humans have ancestor that could lay eggs true or false
True
Feathers reptiles: bird characteristic
Feathers are modified scales, feet have scales
Amniotic eggs instead leathery like reptile
Endothermic
Hollow bones
Anatomy and physiology of bird
Forelimbs are modified into wings
Hollow light bones
Beak replaced jaw with teeth
Large sternum aid flight muscle
What makes a mammal a mammal
Hair and mammary gland
Mammals characteristic
Evolved from reptile
Body hair - milk mammary gland
Endothermic
Respiratory circulatory system (efficient)
High level of care for young
-young born alive (except monotremes)
Internal development shelter young
Nurse offspring
Monotremes characteristic
Lay hard shelled amniotic eggs
Secrete milk into body surface (both male and female)
- babies lick it up
Exist only in Australia
- spiny ant eater and platypus
Marsupial characteristic
Young begin develop within female body - born immature
Development in pouch
Ex. kangaroos and koala Virginia opossums
Placental mammals characteristic
Eggs are internal - develop in uterus Amniotic egg becomes placenta Limbs allow rapid movement Large lungs expanded by rib cage Constant body temperature
Primate characteristic
Most adapted for arboreal life (in trees)
Hand and feet have 5 digit (opposable thumb) - good grip / get food
Shorten snout eyes in front (depth perception and color)
One offspring per birth interval
Brain large
Most organisms are at edge of survival… why?
Constant competition for resources
Extra materials and energy needs to reproduce
Why does behavior persist
Bc make survival and reproduction more likely
What is nature in Nature vs nurture
Nature is genetic influence on behavior
What is nurture in nature vs nurture
Nurture is environmental influence on behavior
What is a proximate question
What about the particular organism brings about this behavior; how does this happen
- physical chemical structure
- genes
- hormonal reaction
What is ultimate question
Why does this particular behavior persist in organisms
Evolutionary pressure and adaptions
Evolutionary history
When you touch a hot plate and your arm automatically recoils
What is the proximate cause of the reaction
Nerve ending in your skin are stimulated and signals are sent to contract muscles
FosB gene of mice is characterized by what?
Maternal behavior is dependent on this gene - when exposed to babies it activates
Mice with regular gene show maternal
Mice with mutated gene do not show maternal
Feeding behavior in garter snake characteristic
Inland garter does not eat slug
Coastal garter snake eat slug
What is innate behavior
Behavior that has Strong genetic control
Always performed the same way
Ex. Dog kill shake
Fixed action pattern FAP what is it
Specific behaviors elicited by a sign stimulus
Learning is what
A durable change in behavior brought about by experience
Can change innate behavior
Laughing gull FAP and goose egg retrieval FAP
Laughing full chicks peck at the mothers beak when parent swings bill to get food
Goose retrieve item regardless of what it is beside the nest
What is imprinting
A simple form of learning
Ex. Chicks follow first moving thing they see
Can only imprint on something during the sensitive period of its life
- only time when imprinting can occur
Ex. Salmon - chemical make up of birth river
Goats raising sheep (vice versa)
Imprinting can occur anytime of an animals life t or f
False only during sensitive period
Associative learning
A change in behavior that involves an association between two events
Ex. Monarchs are poisonous
Bird eat monarch get sick don’t eat again
Classical conditioning
Two different stimuli are presented together
Suggest an organism can be trained or conditioned to associate a specific response to specific stimulus
Operant conditioning
Strengthens a stimulus - response to connection
Training animal to do trick by rewarding it
Animal communication
A signal by a sender that influences behavior of a receiver
Diversity of social behavior
Solitary - interact only during reproduction
Some pair - cooperate to raise young
Organize - cooperative manner in a society
Types of communications
VCAT
Visual
Chemical
Auditory
Tactile
Which type of communication plant use
Chemical and visual
Fire flies use communication by
Different light pattern
Behavior that effect fitness: territorial behavior
Territoriality and fitness
- defense of territory
Bc of mating area or food source
Has certain cost… of not they wouldn’t protect
Modern human exhibit territorial behavior?
Yes true
What does it mean to be polygamous
Makes monopolize females
- usually primates are this
Adaptive for females to be concerned with good food , so they’d clump - limit number of receptive female
- male compete for limited number of them
What does it mean to be monogamous
Only one mate
Ex. Gibbons display pair bonding
Common when
- males have limited mating opertunities
- territoriality exist
- make certain babies are his
Sexual selection
Form of natural selection that favors features which increase an animals change of mating
Common result-
Female has choice - limited number of egg
Males compete - fertilize as many to get fit
Are humans subjected to fitness pressure in mate choice
Yes human male compete
- women invest more energy in a child
- men only provide sperm
What does it mean to be dimorphism in humans
Males are typically larger and stronger perhaps result of past selection by females
Men and woman have choice in partner
Cost benefit analysis of group living
Advantage
- avoid predators, rear offspring, food
Disadvantage
- disputes and disease
Altruism is what
Self sacrificing behavior for the good of another member of society
- lower fitness
- common among humans
Kin selection helps explains
- your sister has your genes so you help her out to pass on your genes
What is genetic relatedness of siblings
50% related
But not truly related bc independent assortment
What is genetic relatedness of first cousins
1/8
Genetic relatedness to uncle or aunt
1/4
What is inclusive fitness
An individuals personal reproductive success as well as that of his or her relatives and thus to an individuals total genetic contribution to the nest
Ex. Scrub Jay offspring help raise next clutch of eggs
2X fitness
What is ecology
Study of interaction if organism with each other and the environment
Rate of natural increase is solved how
(Born - dead )/ population
What is biotic potential
Highest possible per capita rate of increase for a population
What can influence biotic potential
Reproductive potential
Food available
Presence and absence of disease
Presence and absence of predators
What are two ways that populations grow
Exponential growth and logistic growth
Exponential growth is what
Lag phase
Then exponential growth (large quick growth)
Not realistic
What is logistic growth
Lag time
Exponential growth
Stable equilibrium (pop gets limited by carry capacity)
Environmental resistance
What is eniviromental resistance
Environment slows growth down leads to carry capacity
- limited amount of resources
Predation
Disease
What is the new threat to deer
Chronic eating disease caused by prions
Type 1 survivorship curve
Most individuals survive until old age
Ex humans
Type 2 survivorship curve
Decrease constantly over time
Song bird
Type 3 survivorship curve
Most individuals die early
Ex. Oysters
More developed country MDC characteristic
Little slow growth, high fertility, more people live, less offspring
Mostly Europe and America
Less developed country LDC
Large constant population growth, low fertility, people die sooner, more offspring
Not yet at demographics transition
Latin America, Asian, Africa
What is demographic transition
Extreme pop growth from switching birth rates (a lot) death rate (a lot) to
Zero pop growth birth rate and death rate equal
During transition pop grow quickly
What are factors that slow pop growth
Those that are
Density independent
Or
Density dependent
What are density independent factors ( do not depend how big pop is)
Abiotic factors
Weather natural disaster
Effect are same for all populations
Density dependent factors
Biotic factors
Competition predation parasitism
Effect depend on size of population
Interspecific interactions
Relationships with individuals of other species in community and greatly effects pop structure and dynamics
drives adaptive evolution
Ex. Big looks like leaf
Competition
Two different species have overlapping niche
Density dependent
Ecological niche
Role species plays in a community
Competition exclusion principle
No two species can occupy same ecological niche at same time
One species will out compete other
Resource partitioning
Seem to have same niche for resource but somehow find way not to compete
Predation and herbivory
Occurs when one organisms the predator, feeds on another, the prey
Ex. Lion kill zebra
Deer eat corn
Caterpillars eat leaves
Is predation a density dependent factor?
True
Predation and herbivory lead to adaptions
Camouflage
And defenses parts
-thorn on plants
What is symbiosis and the types
Close interactions bw members of different species
Parasitism- H harmed Other benefit
communalism- host not effect other benefit
mutualism- both benefit
Parasitism
Parasite derived nourishment from other organisms
Parasite benefit host harmed
Ex. Aphid on plant
Plant gall
Parasitism density dependent factor
Yes more species in a given area can pass the parasite
Commensalism
On species benefit other is neither harmed or benefited
Clown fish and sea anemones
Mutualism
Both organisms benefit
Degree of benefit not equal
Few are pure
Ex. Plant and pollinators
Coral and dinoflagellates
Dinoflagellates leave coral what is it called
Coral bleaching which is due to temperature increase of water
In food pyramid or food web what is the order of organism eaten
Producers Primary consumer Secondary consumer Tertiary consumer Decomposers
Energy flow and nutrient cycling
Energy flows through a system (but is lost) about 10%
Chemicals cycle through a system
Ecological pyramid: what is represented in each box
Amount of energy in an organism (if eaten not all energy is consumed)
Bottom of pyramid means more abundant organisms and at the top there are less
Biogeochemical cycling
Water and carbon cycles
What is a reservoir
Long term storage (aquafers)
Fossil fuel
Mineral in rock
Sediment in ocean
Exchange pool is what
Where you get quickly stored resources and exchange for that
Atmosphere
Soil
Water
Carbon cycle is what
Plant and algae take up inorganic carbon
Carbon incorporated into food
Cell respiration return carbon to atmosphere
Atmosphere is the exchange pool
Co2 iin atmosphere is dissolved in water
It is exchange pool
What put carbon in exchange pool
Decay and respiration put it in
Photosynthesis takes it out
Human: combustion and deforestation put more co2 in atmosphere
Carbon cycle aquatic
Co2 exchange is indirect
Some is free in water
Co2 from air comes into contact with water and for bicorbinate. Ions
PH of ocean go down (acidification)
