POB Exam 4 Flashcards
1
Q
What is an animal
A
They are
Multicellular eukaryotes
Move with muscle fibers
Ingest food
2
Q
Zygote divides by mitosis to form a hollow ball called a
Embryonic development
A
Blastula
3
Q
Animals evolved from what/ when
A
Protist 600 MYA
4
Q
What are the two major groups of animals
A
Invertebrates and vertebrates
5
Q
Invertebrates characteristics
A
Lack endoskeleton of bone or cartilage
Evolved first and outnumber vertebrates
6
Q
Vertebrates characteristics
A
Have endoskeleton of nine or cartilage
7
Q
Humans are radially symmetrical t or f
A
False we are bilateral
8
Q
What is the types of symmetry
A
Asymmetrical
Radial symmetry
Bilateral symmetry
9
Q
What is asymmetrical
A
No symmetry
Ex. Sponge
10
Q
What is radial symmetry
A
Circular organization - logitudinal slices will produce mirror images
Ex. Hydra
11
Q
Bilateral symmetry
A
Definite right and left halves
Cut down middle produce mirror image
Ex. Human
12
Q
Level of animal organization
A
Cellular: no true tissue Ex.Sponges
Tissue: have 2 of 3 germ layers - ectoderm and endoderm Ex. Cnidarians
Organ: have all 3 germ layers - ectoderm endoderm mesoderm Ex. Majority of animal
13
Q
What are germ layers in order from out to in
A
Ectoderm
Mesoderm
Endoderm
If have all three they are called triploblastic
14
Q
Embryonic development: fate of blastopore
A
If protostome mouth develop 1st
M to P
If deuterostomes anus develop 1st
A to D
15
Q
Phylogenetic tree of animals: evolutionary level of organization in order
A
Multicellularity True tissue Bilateral symmetry Protostome development Deuterostomes development
16
Q
Sponges characteristics
A
Asymmetrical Cellular level of organization Multicellular but lack true tissue Filter feeders Has sponging ( proteinaceous skeleton )
17
Q
Cnidarians characteristic
A
Radial symmetry True tissue All aquatic Stinging cells (cnidocytes) Ex. Hydra, anemones, coral, sea jelly
18
Q
Cnidarian two forms
A
Polyps and Medusa
Polyps (secondary stage) - baby
Medusa (primary stage) - adult
19
Q
Polyps characteristic
A
Mouth and tentacles are directed up
Ex. Sessil
Sea anemones
Corals
20
Q
Medusa characteristic
A
Bell shaped mouth directed down
Ex. Jelly fish
21
Q
Which nidarian represents polyps form
Jelly
Coral
A
Coral
22
Q
What falls under trochozoans
A
Flatworm
Annelise
Mollusks
23
Q
Flatworms characteristic
A
Incomplete digestive tract (poop out of mouth)
No body cavity
Two types:
Non parasitic and parasitic
24
Q
Non parasitic flatworm
A
Planarian
- freshwater
- eye spot
- feed on small organism
- muscle and excretory, reproductive and digestive systems
25
Parasitic flatworm
Tapeworm
- host eat meat with bladder worm
- worm grows in intestine feeding of nutrients
26
Mollusks characteristics
Visceral mass - include organs
Foot: muscular portion (locomotion)
Mantle: covering the enclosed visceral mass
Ex. Gastropod Cephalopod Bivalves
27
Gastropod characteristic
Snail and conchs
Foot is flattened
(Muscle contractions along foot)
Herbivores and carnivores
Shells
28
Cephalopods characteristics
```
Octopus and squids
Foot has evolved into funnel or siphon
Powerful beak and radula for feeding
Cephalization present
Octopus no shell - squid have reduce shell
```
29
Bivalves characteristic
Clam oyster scallops and mussels
Two part shell composed of protein and calcium carbonate
Gills in mantle cavity (gas exchange)
Filter feeder
30
Annelids characteristic
Segmented - each move independently
No internal Skelton - hydrostatic Skelton
Movement by contraction and expansion of body segment
Ex. Earthworm
31
Earthworm characteristic
```
Scavenger
Head not developed
Gas exchange throughout body (slimy)
Hermaphroditic (both sex)
- both have sperm and egg
- clitellum secrete mucus to protect sperm
```
32
Ecydsozoans characteristic
Arthropod and roundworm
Outer covering to protect and support animal
Periodically sheds
33
Arthropod characteristic
More than 1 milk species described 30 mill may exist (mostly insect)
```
Segmentation
Joint appendages
Exoskeleton
Respiratory organs (variety)
Metamorphosis
```
Ex. Crustacean Insect Arachnids
34
Crustacean characteristic
Largely marine arthropod
-barnacle shrimp lobster crab
Some fresh water (crayfish)
Some terrestrial (sow or pill bug)
Hard exoskeleton
35
Insect characteristic
```
Divided into 3 parts
- head - abdomen - thorax
H- sensory antennae, simple eyes, mouth
A- internal organ
T- 3 pair of legs and wings
```
36
Insect diversity facts
1 mill described species
| 400k species of beetle
37
Insect adapt to land how?
```
Respiratory systems (spiracles lead into trachea)
- small tube of air throughout body
```
Reproduction and development
- internal fertilization (protect gamete and zygote)
-
38
Insect metamorphosis?
Gradual metamorphosis
Larva (baby) —> becomes adult (look different)
Ex. Caterpillar to Butterfly
Complete metamorphosis
Nymph (bby) —> looks like adult but small —> adult (larger nymph)
39
Arachnids characteristics
Cephalothorax has six pair of appendages
-chelicerae ,pedipalps ,four pair of walking legs
Abdomen contains organs
Ex. Scorpion spider ticks mites
40
Scorpions characteristic
Oldest terrestrial Arthropods
Pedipalps are large pincers
Long abdomen with poison barb
41
Tick and mites characteristic
Parasites - transmit disease like Rocky Mountain spotted fever and Lyme disease
42
Spider characteristic
Narrow waist separate cephalothorax from abdomen
Chelicerae have fangs that have venom
Book lungs
Silk gland
43
Which animal is closely related to human?
Cnidarians
Arthropod
Sea stars
Sea stars
44
Deiterostomes: invertebrate kind characteristic
Diverse group of marine animal
Endoskeleton (rich calcium plates)
Spikes sticking out of skin
Ex. Star fish
45
Star fish characteristic
Adult - radial symmetry
Baby - bilateral
Five rated body with mouth on underside anis on top
Reproduction:
Sexual and asexual
46
Do all chordates have vertebral column
False not all
47
Chordate characteristics
Notochord
Dorsal tubular nerve chord
Pharyngeal pouches
Post anal tail
48
Notochord what is
Dorsal supporting rod, replaced by vertebral column during development of vertebrates
49
Dorsal tubular nerve chord is what
Nerve chord contains fluid canal
50
Pharyngeal pouches are what
Final development depends on the adult chordate
Most have but only in embryonic development
51
Post anal tail is what
Tail that extends beyond anus
52
Evolutionary trends among chordates
Non vertebrate
- tunicates and lancelets (no vertebrate)
Vertebrate chordate
- jaw less fish - cartilagenous fish - bony fish (ray + lobbed) - amphibian - reptile - bird - mammal
53
Non vertebrate chordate characteristic
Do not develope vertebral column from notochord
Ex. Lancelets
Shallow coastal water
All four chordate characteristic in adult
Filter feeder
54
Characteristic of vertebrate chordate
Embryonic notochord replaced by vertebral column
Endoskeleton w muscles
Rapid movement/ rapid respiration
Strong cephalization
Ex. Jawless fish - cartilaginous fish - bony fish - amphibians- reptile - bird - mammals
55
Jawless fish characteristic
```
Cylindrical body
No scale
No jaw or fin
Extreme slime defense
Ex. Hagfish
```
56
Fish with jaws characteristic
Tooth bearing structures in head evolved from gill arches
Cartilaginous fish
- ray, skates, shark
Skeleton is cartalaginous
Sense electrical currents
57
Bony fish characteristic
Ray finned
- paired fins supported by bony ray
- swim bladder
- streamline shape
- bony scale
```
Lobbed fin
- developed lungs
- evolved into amphibian
Ex. Coelacanth
Ex. Tiktaalik
```
58
Amphibians transition to land how
```
Tetrapods (four limbs)
Ears
Larynx for vocalization
Larger brain then fish relative to body
Small lungs in adults
Larval stage (water) adult (land)
Reproduction in water
```
59
Penguins can keep warm bc they have fur (true or false)
False they have feathers
60
Reptiles characteristic
Evidence says birds are living dinosaurs
Today’s true reptiles include:
Turtle alligator snake lizards birds
Reptiles are ectothermic (use environment to get heat) - very efficient
(Exclude birds)
61
Adaption to land by reptile
Body covered by scales to protect drying out
Well developed senses
Well developed lungs with rib cage
Sexual reproduction: males has penis fertilize internally female who have shelled egg
Amniotic egg
62
What is an amniotic egg
Egg provides embryo with o2 and food and water
Remove nitrogenous waste
Prevent egg from drying
Tiny holes in them
63
Humans have ancestor that could lay eggs true or false
True
64
Feathers reptiles: bird characteristic
Feathers are modified scales, feet have scales
Amniotic eggs instead leathery like reptile
Endothermic
Hollow bones
65
Anatomy and physiology of bird
Forelimbs are modified into wings
Hollow light bones
Beak replaced jaw with teeth
Large sternum aid flight muscle
66
What makes a mammal a mammal
Hair and mammary gland
67
Mammals characteristic
Evolved from reptile
Body hair - milk mammary gland
Endothermic
Respiratory circulatory system (efficient)
High level of care for young
-young born alive (except monotremes)
Internal development shelter young
Nurse offspring
68
Monotremes characteristic
Lay hard shelled amniotic eggs
Secrete milk into body surface (both male and female)
- babies lick it up
Exist only in Australia
- spiny ant eater and platypus
69
Marsupial characteristic
Young begin develop within female body - born immature
Development in pouch
Ex. kangaroos and koala Virginia opossums
70
Placental mammals characteristic
```
Eggs are internal - develop in uterus
Amniotic egg becomes placenta
Limbs allow rapid movement
Large lungs expanded by rib cage
Constant body temperature
```
71
Primate characteristic
Most adapted for arboreal life (in trees)
Hand and feet have 5 digit (opposable thumb) - good grip / get food
Shorten snout eyes in front (depth perception and color)
One offspring per birth interval
Brain large
72
Most organisms are at edge of survival... why?
Constant competition for resources
| Extra materials and energy needs to reproduce
73
Why does behavior persist
Bc make survival and reproduction more likely
74
What is nature in Nature vs nurture
Nature is genetic influence on behavior
75
What is nurture in nature vs nurture
Nurture is environmental influence on behavior
76
What is a proximate question
What about the particular organism brings about this behavior; how does this happen
- physical chemical structure
- genes
- hormonal reaction
77
What is ultimate question
Why does this particular behavior persist in organisms
Evolutionary pressure and adaptions
Evolutionary history
78
When you touch a hot plate and your arm automatically recoils
What is the proximate cause of the reaction
Nerve ending in your skin are stimulated and signals are sent to contract muscles
79
FosB gene of mice is characterized by what?
Maternal behavior is dependent on this gene - when exposed to babies it activates
Mice with regular gene show maternal
Mice with mutated gene do not show maternal
80
Feeding behavior in garter snake characteristic
Inland garter does not eat slug
Coastal garter snake eat slug
81
What is innate behavior
Behavior that has Strong genetic control
Always performed the same way
Ex. Dog kill shake
82
Fixed action pattern FAP what is it
Specific behaviors elicited by a sign stimulus
83
Learning is what
A durable change in behavior brought about by experience
Can change innate behavior
84
Laughing gull FAP and goose egg retrieval FAP
Laughing full chicks peck at the mothers beak when parent swings bill to get food
Goose retrieve item regardless of what it is beside the nest
85
What is imprinting
A simple form of learning
Ex. Chicks follow first moving thing they see
Can only imprint on something during the sensitive period of its life
- only time when imprinting can occur
Ex. Salmon - chemical make up of birth river
Goats raising sheep (vice versa)
86
Imprinting can occur anytime of an animals life t or f
False only during sensitive period
87
Associative learning
A change in behavior that involves an association between two events
Ex. Monarchs are poisonous
Bird eat monarch get sick don’t eat again
88
Classical conditioning
Two different stimuli are presented together
Suggest an organism can be trained or conditioned to associate a specific response to specific stimulus
89
Operant conditioning
Strengthens a stimulus - response to connection
Training animal to do trick by rewarding it
90
Animal communication
A signal by a sender that influences behavior of a receiver
91
Diversity of social behavior
Solitary - interact only during reproduction
Some pair - cooperate to raise young
Organize - cooperative manner in a society
92
Types of communications
VCAT
Visual
Chemical
Auditory
Tactile
93
Which type of communication plant use
Chemical and visual
94
Fire flies use communication by
Different light pattern
95
Behavior that effect fitness: territorial behavior
Territoriality and fitness
- defense of territory
Bc of mating area or food source
Has certain cost... of not they wouldn’t protect
96
Modern human exhibit territorial behavior?
Yes true
97
What does it mean to be polygamous
Makes monopolize females
- usually primates are this
Adaptive for females to be concerned with good food , so they’d clump
- limit number of receptive female
- male compete for limited number of them
98
What does it mean to be monogamous
Only one mate
Ex. Gibbons display pair bonding
Common when
- males have limited mating opertunities
- territoriality exist
- make certain babies are his
99
Sexual selection
Form of natural selection that favors features which increase an animals change of mating
Common result-
Female has choice - limited number of egg
Males compete - fertilize as many to get fit
100
Are humans subjected to fitness pressure in mate choice
Yes human male compete
- women invest more energy in a child
- men only provide sperm
101
What does it mean to be dimorphism in humans
Males are typically larger and stronger perhaps result of past selection by females
Men and woman have choice in partner
102
Cost benefit analysis of group living
Advantage
- avoid predators, rear offspring, food
Disadvantage
- disputes and disease
103
Altruism is what
Self sacrificing behavior for the good of another member of society
- lower fitness
- common among humans
Kin selection helps explains
- your sister has your genes so you help her out to pass on your genes
104
What is genetic relatedness of siblings
50% related
| But not truly related bc independent assortment
105
What is genetic relatedness of first cousins
1/8
106
Genetic relatedness to uncle or aunt
1/4
107
What is inclusive fitness
An individuals personal reproductive success as well as that of his or her relatives and thus to an individuals total genetic contribution to the nest
Ex. Scrub Jay offspring help raise next clutch of eggs
2X fitness
108
What is ecology
Study of interaction if organism with each other and the environment
109
Rate of natural increase is solved how
(Born - dead )/ population
110
What is biotic potential
Highest possible per capita rate of increase for a population
111
What can influence biotic potential
Reproductive potential
Food available
Presence and absence of disease
Presence and absence of predators
112
What are two ways that populations grow
Exponential growth and logistic growth
113
Exponential growth is what
Lag phase
Then exponential growth (large quick growth)
Not realistic
114
What is logistic growth
Lag time
Exponential growth
Stable equilibrium (pop gets limited by carry capacity)
Environmental resistance
115
What is eniviromental resistance
Environment slows growth down leads to carry capacity
- limited amount of resources
Predation
Disease
116
What is the new threat to deer
Chronic eating disease caused by prions
117
Type 1 survivorship curve
Most individuals survive until old age
Ex humans
118
Type 2 survivorship curve
Decrease constantly over time
Song bird
119
Type 3 survivorship curve
Most individuals die early
Ex. Oysters
120
More developed country MDC characteristic
Little slow growth, high fertility, more people live, less offspring
Mostly Europe and America
121
Less developed country LDC
Large constant population growth, low fertility, people die sooner, more offspring
Not yet at demographics transition
Latin America, Asian, Africa
122
What is demographic transition
Extreme pop growth from switching birth rates (a lot) death rate (a lot) to
Zero pop growth birth rate and death rate equal
During transition pop grow quickly
123
What are factors that slow pop growth
Those that are
Density independent
Or
Density dependent
124
What are density independent factors ( do not depend how big pop is)
Abiotic factors
Weather natural disaster
Effect are same for all populations
125
Density dependent factors
Biotic factors
Competition predation parasitism
Effect depend on size of population
126
Interspecific interactions
Relationships with individuals of other species in community and greatly effects pop structure and dynamics
drives adaptive evolution
Ex. Big looks like leaf
127
Competition
Two different species have overlapping niche
Density dependent
128
Ecological niche
Role species plays in a community
129
Competition exclusion principle
No two species can occupy same ecological niche at same time
One species will out compete other
130
Resource partitioning
Seem to have same niche for resource but somehow find way not to compete
131
Predation and herbivory
Occurs when one organisms the predator, feeds on another, the prey
Ex. Lion kill zebra
Deer eat corn
Caterpillars eat leaves
132
Is predation a density dependent factor?
True
133
Predation and herbivory lead to adaptions
Camouflage
And defenses parts
-thorn on plants
134
What is symbiosis and the types
Close interactions bw members of different species
Parasitism- H harmed Other benefit
communalism- host not effect other benefit
mutualism- both benefit
135
Parasitism
Parasite derived nourishment from other organisms
Parasite benefit host harmed
Ex. Aphid on plant
Plant gall
136
Parasitism density dependent factor
Yes more species in a given area can pass the parasite
137
Commensalism
On species benefit other is neither harmed or benefited
Clown fish and sea anemones
138
Mutualism
Both organisms benefit
Degree of benefit not equal
Few are pure
Ex. Plant and pollinators
Coral and dinoflagellates
139
Dinoflagellates leave coral what is it called
Coral bleaching which is due to temperature increase of water
140
In food pyramid or food web what is the order of organism eaten
```
Producers
Primary consumer
Secondary consumer
Tertiary consumer
Decomposers
```
141
Energy flow and nutrient cycling
Energy flows through a system (but is lost) about 10%
Chemicals cycle through a system
142
Ecological pyramid: what is represented in each box
Amount of energy in an organism (if eaten not all energy is consumed)
Bottom of pyramid means more abundant organisms and at the top there are less
143
Biogeochemical cycling
Water and carbon cycles
144
What is a reservoir
Long term storage (aquafers)
Fossil fuel
Mineral in rock
Sediment in ocean
145
Exchange pool is what
Where you get quickly stored resources and exchange for that
Atmosphere
Soil
Water
146
Carbon cycle is what
Plant and algae take up inorganic carbon
Carbon incorporated into food
Cell respiration return carbon to atmosphere
Atmosphere is the exchange pool
147
Co2 iin atmosphere is dissolved in water
It is exchange pool
148
What put carbon in exchange pool
Decay and respiration put it in
Photosynthesis takes it out
Human: combustion and deforestation put more co2 in atmosphere
149
Carbon cycle aquatic
Co2 exchange is indirect
Some is free in water
Co2 from air comes into contact with water and for bicorbinate. Ions
PH of ocean go down (acidification)
