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POB > POB Exam 4 > Flashcards

POB Exam 4 Flashcards

1
Q

What is an animal

A

They are
Multicellular eukaryotes

Move with muscle fibers

Ingest food

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2
Q

Zygote divides by mitosis to form a hollow ball called a

Embryonic development

A

Blastula

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3
Q

Animals evolved from what/ when

A

Protist 600 MYA

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4
Q

What are the two major groups of animals

A

Invertebrates and vertebrates

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5
Q

Invertebrates characteristics

A

Lack endoskeleton of bone or cartilage

Evolved first and outnumber vertebrates

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6
Q

Vertebrates characteristics

A

Have endoskeleton of nine or cartilage

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7
Q

Humans are radially symmetrical t or f

A

False we are bilateral

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8
Q

What is the types of symmetry

A

Asymmetrical
Radial symmetry
Bilateral symmetry

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9
Q

What is asymmetrical

A

No symmetry

Ex. Sponge

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10
Q

What is radial symmetry

A

Circular organization - logitudinal slices will produce mirror images

Ex. Hydra

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11
Q

Bilateral symmetry

A

Definite right and left halves
Cut down middle produce mirror image

Ex. Human

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12
Q

Level of animal organization

A

Cellular: no true tissue Ex.Sponges

Tissue: have 2 of 3 germ layers - ectoderm and endoderm Ex. Cnidarians

Organ: have all 3 germ layers - ectoderm endoderm mesoderm Ex. Majority of animal

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13
Q

What are germ layers in order from out to in

A

Ectoderm

Mesoderm

Endoderm

If have all three they are called triploblastic

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14
Q

Embryonic development: fate of blastopore

A

If protostome mouth develop 1st
M to P

If deuterostomes anus develop 1st
A to D

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15
Q

Phylogenetic tree of animals: evolutionary level of organization in order

A 
Multicellularity 
True tissue 
Bilateral symmetry 
Protostome development 
Deuterostomes development
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16
Q

Sponges characteristics

A 
Asymmetrical 
Cellular level of organization 
Multicellular but lack true tissue 
Filter feeders 
Has sponging ( proteinaceous skeleton )
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17
Q

Cnidarians characteristic

A 
Radial symmetry 
True tissue 
All aquatic 
Stinging cells (cnidocytes) 
Ex. Hydra, anemones, coral, sea jelly
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18
Q

Cnidarian two forms

A

Polyps and Medusa

Polyps (secondary stage) - baby
Medusa (primary stage) - adult

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19
Q

Polyps characteristic

A

Mouth and tentacles are directed up

Ex. Sessil
Sea anemones
Corals

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20
Q

Medusa characteristic

A

Bell shaped mouth directed down

Ex. Jelly fish

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21
Q

Which nidarian represents polyps form
Jelly
Coral

A

Coral

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22
Q

What falls under trochozoans

A

Flatworm
Annelise
Mollusks

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23
Q

Flatworms characteristic

A

Incomplete digestive tract (poop out of mouth)
No body cavity

Two types:
Non parasitic and parasitic

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24
Q

Non parasitic flatworm

A

Planarian

  • freshwater
  • eye spot
  • feed on small organism
  • muscle and excretory, reproductive and digestive systems
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25
Q

Parasitic flatworm

A

Tapeworm

  • host eat meat with bladder worm
  • worm grows in intestine feeding of nutrients
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26
Q

Mollusks characteristics

A

Visceral mass - include organs
Foot: muscular portion (locomotion)
Mantle: covering the enclosed visceral mass

Ex. Gastropod Cephalopod Bivalves

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27
Q

Gastropod characteristic

A

Snail and conchs

Foot is flattened
(Muscle contractions along foot)

Herbivores and carnivores

Shells

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28
Q

Cephalopods characteristics

A 
Octopus and squids 
Foot has evolved into funnel or siphon 
Powerful beak and radula for feeding 
Cephalization present 
Octopus no shell - squid have reduce shell
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29
Q

Bivalves characteristic

A

Clam oyster scallops and mussels
Two part shell composed of protein and calcium carbonate
Gills in mantle cavity (gas exchange)
Filter feeder

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30
Q

Annelids characteristic

A

Segmented - each move independently

No internal Skelton - hydrostatic Skelton

Movement by contraction and expansion of body segment

Ex. Earthworm

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31
Q

Earthworm characteristic

A 
Scavenger 
Head not developed 
Gas exchange throughout body (slimy) 
Hermaphroditic (both sex) 
 - both have sperm and egg
 - clitellum secrete mucus to protect sperm
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32
Q

Ecydsozoans characteristic

A

Arthropod and roundworm

Outer covering to protect and support animal
Periodically sheds

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33
Q

Arthropod characteristic

A

More than 1 milk species described 30 mill may exist (mostly insect)

Segmentation 
Joint appendages 
Exoskeleton 
Respiratory organs (variety)
Metamorphosis

Ex. Crustacean Insect Arachnids

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34
Q

Crustacean characteristic

A

Largely marine arthropod
-barnacle shrimp lobster crab
Some fresh water (crayfish)
Some terrestrial (sow or pill bug)

Hard exoskeleton

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35
Q

Insect characteristic

A 
Divided into 3 parts
- head - abdomen - thorax 
 H- sensory antennae, simple eyes, mouth 
A- internal organ 
T- 3 pair of legs and wings
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36
Q

Insect diversity facts

A

1 mill described species

400k species of beetle

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37
Q

Insect adapt to land how?

A 
Respiratory systems (spiracles lead into trachea)
- small tube of air throughout body

Reproduction and development
- internal fertilization (protect gamete and zygote)
-

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38
Q

Insect metamorphosis?

A

Gradual metamorphosis
Larva (baby) —> becomes adult (look different)
Ex. Caterpillar to Butterfly

Complete metamorphosis
Nymph (bby) —> looks like adult but small —> adult (larger nymph)

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39
Q

Arachnids characteristics

A

Cephalothorax has six pair of appendages
-chelicerae ,pedipalps ,four pair of walking legs
Abdomen contains organs

Ex. Scorpion spider ticks mites

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40
Q

Scorpions characteristic

A

Oldest terrestrial Arthropods
Pedipalps are large pincers
Long abdomen with poison barb

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41
Q

Tick and mites characteristic

A

Parasites - transmit disease like Rocky Mountain spotted fever and Lyme disease

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42
Q

Spider characteristic

A

Narrow waist separate cephalothorax from abdomen

Chelicerae have fangs that have venom
Book lungs
Silk gland

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43
Q

Which animal is closely related to human?
Cnidarians
Arthropod
Sea stars

A

Sea stars

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44
Q

Deiterostomes: invertebrate kind characteristic

A

Diverse group of marine animal
Endoskeleton (rich calcium plates)
Spikes sticking out of skin

Ex. Star fish

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45
Q

Star fish characteristic

A

Adult - radial symmetry
Baby - bilateral

Five rated body with mouth on underside anis on top

Reproduction:
Sexual and asexual

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46
Q

Do all chordates have vertebral column

A

False not all

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47
Q

Chordate characteristics

A

Notochord
Dorsal tubular nerve chord
Pharyngeal pouches
Post anal tail

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48
Q

Notochord what is

A

Dorsal supporting rod, replaced by vertebral column during development of vertebrates

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49
Q

Dorsal tubular nerve chord is what

A

Nerve chord contains fluid canal

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50
Q

Pharyngeal pouches are what

A

Final development depends on the adult chordate

Most have but only in embryonic development

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51
Q

Post anal tail is what

A

Tail that extends beyond anus

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52
Q

Evolutionary trends among chordates

A

Non vertebrate
- tunicates and lancelets (no vertebrate)

Vertebrate chordate
- jaw less fish - cartilagenous fish - bony fish (ray + lobbed) - amphibian - reptile - bird - mammal

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53
Q

Non vertebrate chordate characteristic

A

Do not develope vertebral column from notochord

Ex. Lancelets
Shallow coastal water
All four chordate characteristic in adult
Filter feeder

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54
Q

Characteristic of vertebrate chordate

A

Embryonic notochord replaced by vertebral column
Endoskeleton w muscles
Rapid movement/ rapid respiration
Strong cephalization

Ex. Jawless fish - cartilaginous fish - bony fish - amphibians- reptile - bird - mammals

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55
Q

Jawless fish characteristic

A 
Cylindrical body 
No scale 
No jaw or fin 
Extreme slime defense 
 Ex. Hagfish
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56
Q

Fish with jaws characteristic

A

Tooth bearing structures in head evolved from gill arches

Cartilaginous fish
- ray, skates, shark
Skeleton is cartalaginous
Sense electrical currents

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57
Q

Bony fish characteristic

A

Ray finned

  • paired fins supported by bony ray
  • swim bladder
  • streamline shape
  • bony scale
Lobbed fin
- developed lungs 
- evolved into amphibian 
Ex. Coelacanth 
Ex. Tiktaalik
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58
Q

Amphibians transition to land how

A 
Tetrapods (four limbs)
Ears 
Larynx for vocalization 
Larger brain then fish relative to body 
Small lungs in adults 
Larval stage (water) adult (land)
Reproduction in water
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59
Q

Penguins can keep warm bc they have fur (true or false)

A

False they have feathers

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60
Q

Reptiles characteristic

A

Evidence says birds are living dinosaurs

Today’s true reptiles include:
Turtle alligator snake lizards birds

Reptiles are ectothermic (use environment to get heat) - very efficient
(Exclude birds)

61
Q

Adaption to land by reptile

A

Body covered by scales to protect drying out
Well developed senses
Well developed lungs with rib cage

Sexual reproduction: males has penis fertilize internally female who have shelled egg

Amniotic egg

62
Q

What is an amniotic egg

A

Egg provides embryo with o2 and food and water

Remove nitrogenous waste

Prevent egg from drying

Tiny holes in them

63
Q

Humans have ancestor that could lay eggs true or false

A

True

64
Q

Feathers reptiles: bird characteristic

A

Feathers are modified scales, feet have scales
Amniotic eggs instead leathery like reptile
Endothermic
Hollow bones

65
Q

Anatomy and physiology of bird

A

Forelimbs are modified into wings
Hollow light bones
Beak replaced jaw with teeth
Large sternum aid flight muscle

66
Q

What makes a mammal a mammal

A

Hair and mammary gland

67
Q

Mammals characteristic

A

Evolved from reptile
Body hair - milk mammary gland
Endothermic
Respiratory circulatory system (efficient)

High level of care for young
-young born alive (except monotremes)
Internal development shelter young
Nurse offspring

68
Q

Monotremes characteristic

A

Lay hard shelled amniotic eggs

Secrete milk into body surface (both male and female)
- babies lick it up

Exist only in Australia
- spiny ant eater and platypus

69
Q

Marsupial characteristic

A

Young begin develop within female body - born immature
Development in pouch

Ex. kangaroos and koala Virginia opossums

70
Q

Placental mammals characteristic

A 
Eggs are internal - develop in uterus 
Amniotic egg becomes placenta 
Limbs allow rapid movement 
Large lungs expanded by rib cage 
Constant body temperature
71
Q

Primate characteristic

A

Most adapted for arboreal life (in trees)
Hand and feet have 5 digit (opposable thumb) - good grip / get food

Shorten snout eyes in front (depth perception and color)

One offspring per birth interval

Brain large

72
Q

Most organisms are at edge of survival… why?

A

Constant competition for resources

Extra materials and energy needs to reproduce

73
Q

Why does behavior persist

A

Bc make survival and reproduction more likely

74
Q

What is nature in Nature vs nurture

A

Nature is genetic influence on behavior

75
Q

What is nurture in nature vs nurture

A

Nurture is environmental influence on behavior

76
Q

What is a proximate question

A

What about the particular organism brings about this behavior; how does this happen

  • physical chemical structure
  • genes
  • hormonal reaction
77
Q

What is ultimate question

A

Why does this particular behavior persist in organisms

Evolutionary pressure and adaptions

Evolutionary history

78
Q

When you touch a hot plate and your arm automatically recoils
What is the proximate cause of the reaction

A

Nerve ending in your skin are stimulated and signals are sent to contract muscles

79
Q

FosB gene of mice is characterized by what?

A

Maternal behavior is dependent on this gene - when exposed to babies it activates

Mice with regular gene show maternal

Mice with mutated gene do not show maternal

80
Q

Feeding behavior in garter snake characteristic

A

Inland garter does not eat slug

Coastal garter snake eat slug

81
Q

What is innate behavior

A

Behavior that has Strong genetic control

Always performed the same way

Ex. Dog kill shake

82
Q

Fixed action pattern FAP what is it

A

Specific behaviors elicited by a sign stimulus

83
Q

Learning is what

A

A durable change in behavior brought about by experience

Can change innate behavior

84
Q

Laughing gull FAP and goose egg retrieval FAP

A

Laughing full chicks peck at the mothers beak when parent swings bill to get food

Goose retrieve item regardless of what it is beside the nest

85
Q

What is imprinting

A

A simple form of learning

Ex. Chicks follow first moving thing they see

Can only imprint on something during the sensitive period of its life

  • only time when imprinting can occur

Ex. Salmon - chemical make up of birth river
Goats raising sheep (vice versa)

86
Q

Imprinting can occur anytime of an animals life t or f

A

False only during sensitive period

87
Q

Associative learning

A

A change in behavior that involves an association between two events

Ex. Monarchs are poisonous
Bird eat monarch get sick don’t eat again

88
Q

Classical conditioning

A

Two different stimuli are presented together

Suggest an organism can be trained or conditioned to associate a specific response to specific stimulus

89
Q

Operant conditioning

A

Strengthens a stimulus - response to connection

Training animal to do trick by rewarding it

90
Q

Animal communication

A

A signal by a sender that influences behavior of a receiver

91
Q

Diversity of social behavior

A

Solitary - interact only during reproduction

Some pair - cooperate to raise young

Organize - cooperative manner in a society

92
Q

Types of communications

A

VCAT

Visual
Chemical
Auditory
Tactile

93
Q

Which type of communication plant use

A

Chemical and visual

94
Q

Fire flies use communication by

A

Different light pattern

95
Q

Behavior that effect fitness: territorial behavior

A

Territoriality and fitness
- defense of territory
Bc of mating area or food source

Has certain cost… of not they wouldn’t protect

96
Q

Modern human exhibit territorial behavior?

A

Yes true

97
Q

What does it mean to be polygamous

A

Makes monopolize females

  • usually primates are this
    Adaptive for females to be concerned with good food , so they’d clump
  • limit number of receptive female
  • male compete for limited number of them
98
Q

What does it mean to be monogamous

A

Only one mate

Ex. Gibbons display pair bonding

Common when

  • males have limited mating opertunities
  • territoriality exist
  • make certain babies are his
99
Q

Sexual selection

A

Form of natural selection that favors features which increase an animals change of mating

Common result-
Female has choice - limited number of egg
Males compete - fertilize as many to get fit

100
Q

Are humans subjected to fitness pressure in mate choice

A

Yes human male compete

  • women invest more energy in a child
  • men only provide sperm
101
Q

What does it mean to be dimorphism in humans

A

Males are typically larger and stronger perhaps result of past selection by females

Men and woman have choice in partner

102
Q

Cost benefit analysis of group living

A

Advantage
- avoid predators, rear offspring, food

Disadvantage
- disputes and disease

103
Q

Altruism is what

A

Self sacrificing behavior for the good of another member of society

  • lower fitness
  • common among humans

Kin selection helps explains
- your sister has your genes so you help her out to pass on your genes

104
Q

What is genetic relatedness of siblings

A

50% related

But not truly related bc independent assortment

105
Q

What is genetic relatedness of first cousins

A

1/8

106
Q

Genetic relatedness to uncle or aunt

A

1/4

107
Q

What is inclusive fitness

A

An individuals personal reproductive success as well as that of his or her relatives and thus to an individuals total genetic contribution to the nest

Ex. Scrub Jay offspring help raise next clutch of eggs

2X fitness

108
Q

What is ecology

A

Study of interaction if organism with each other and the environment

109
Q

Rate of natural increase is solved how

A

(Born - dead )/ population

110
Q

What is biotic potential

A

Highest possible per capita rate of increase for a population

111
Q

What can influence biotic potential

A

Reproductive potential
Food available
Presence and absence of disease
Presence and absence of predators

112
Q

What are two ways that populations grow

A

Exponential growth and logistic growth

113
Q

Exponential growth is what

A

Lag phase
Then exponential growth (large quick growth)

Not realistic

114
Q

What is logistic growth

A

Lag time
Exponential growth
Stable equilibrium (pop gets limited by carry capacity)

Environmental resistance

115
Q

What is eniviromental resistance

A

Environment slows growth down leads to carry capacity

  • limited amount of resources
    Predation
    Disease
116
Q

What is the new threat to deer

A

Chronic eating disease caused by prions

117
Q

Type 1 survivorship curve

A

Most individuals survive until old age

Ex humans

118
Q

Type 2 survivorship curve

A

Decrease constantly over time

Song bird

119
Q

Type 3 survivorship curve

A

Most individuals die early

Ex. Oysters

120
Q

More developed country MDC characteristic

A

Little slow growth, high fertility, more people live, less offspring

Mostly Europe and America

121
Q

Less developed country LDC

A

Large constant population growth, low fertility, people die sooner, more offspring

Not yet at demographics transition

Latin America, Asian, Africa

122
Q

What is demographic transition

A

Extreme pop growth from switching birth rates (a lot) death rate (a lot) to

Zero pop growth birth rate and death rate equal

During transition pop grow quickly

123
Q

What are factors that slow pop growth

A

Those that are
Density independent

Or

Density dependent

124
Q

What are density independent factors ( do not depend how big pop is)

A

Abiotic factors
Weather natural disaster

Effect are same for all populations

125
Q

Density dependent factors

A

Biotic factors
Competition predation parasitism

Effect depend on size of population

126
Q

Interspecific interactions

A

Relationships with individuals of other species in community and greatly effects pop structure and dynamics

drives adaptive evolution

Ex. Big looks like leaf

127
Q

Competition

A

Two different species have overlapping niche

Density dependent

128
Q

Ecological niche

A

Role species plays in a community

129
Q

Competition exclusion principle

A

No two species can occupy same ecological niche at same time

One species will out compete other

130
Q

Resource partitioning

A

Seem to have same niche for resource but somehow find way not to compete

131
Q

Predation and herbivory

A

Occurs when one organisms the predator, feeds on another, the prey

Ex. Lion kill zebra
Deer eat corn
Caterpillars eat leaves

132
Q

Is predation a density dependent factor?

A

True

133
Q

Predation and herbivory lead to adaptions

A

Camouflage

And defenses parts
-thorn on plants

134
Q

What is symbiosis and the types

A

Close interactions bw members of different species

Parasitism- H harmed Other benefit
communalism- host not effect other benefit
mutualism- both benefit

135
Q

Parasitism

A

Parasite derived nourishment from other organisms

Parasite benefit host harmed

Ex. Aphid on plant
Plant gall

136
Q

Parasitism density dependent factor

A

Yes more species in a given area can pass the parasite

137
Q

Commensalism

A

On species benefit other is neither harmed or benefited

Clown fish and sea anemones

138
Q

Mutualism

A

Both organisms benefit

Degree of benefit not equal

Few are pure

Ex. Plant and pollinators
Coral and dinoflagellates

139
Q

Dinoflagellates leave coral what is it called

A

Coral bleaching which is due to temperature increase of water

140
Q

In food pyramid or food web what is the order of organism eaten

A 
Producers 
Primary consumer 
Secondary consumer
Tertiary consumer 
Decomposers
141
Q

Energy flow and nutrient cycling

A

Energy flows through a system (but is lost) about 10%

Chemicals cycle through a system

142
Q

Ecological pyramid: what is represented in each box

A

Amount of energy in an organism (if eaten not all energy is consumed)

Bottom of pyramid means more abundant organisms and at the top there are less

143
Q

Biogeochemical cycling

A

Water and carbon cycles

144
Q

What is a reservoir

A

Long term storage (aquafers)

Fossil fuel
Mineral in rock
Sediment in ocean

145
Q

Exchange pool is what

A

Where you get quickly stored resources and exchange for that

Atmosphere
Soil
Water

146
Q

Carbon cycle is what

A

Plant and algae take up inorganic carbon
Carbon incorporated into food
Cell respiration return carbon to atmosphere

Atmosphere is the exchange pool

147
Q

Co2 iin atmosphere is dissolved in water

A

It is exchange pool

148
Q

What put carbon in exchange pool

A

Decay and respiration put it in
Photosynthesis takes it out

Human: combustion and deforestation put more co2 in atmosphere

149
Q

Carbon cycle aquatic

A

Co2 exchange is indirect

Some is free in water
Co2 from air comes into contact with water and for bicorbinate. Ions

PH of ocean go down (acidification)

POB (4 decks)

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