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POB > POB Exam 1 > Flashcards

POB Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

The characteristic of life

A

Organized

Require materials and energy

Reproduce and develop

Respond to stimuli

Maintain homeostasis

Adaption

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2
Q

The characteristic of life: organization

A 
Atoms 
Molecules 
Cells
Tissue
Organs
Organs systems 
Organism
Population 
Communities 
Ecosystem 
Biosphere

A monkey calls to oh oh oh people call every body

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3
Q

The characteristic of life: requiring materials and energy

A

Metabolism and photosynthesis

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4
Q

The characteristic of life: reproduce and develops

A

Organisms reproduce

Genes, DNA

Mutation

Development

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5
Q

The characteristic of life: Respond to stimuli

A

Detect react to internal or external events

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6
Q

The characteristic of life:

Maintain homeostasis

A

Homeostasis-

Ability to maintain a stable internal environment

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7
Q

The characteristic of life:

Adaptions

A

Allow them to adapt and evolve to be able to live in the environment

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8
Q

Taxonomy

A

Identifying and grouping organism according to certain rules

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9
Q

Systematics

A

Study of the evolutionary relationships between organisms

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10
Q

Taxa categories

A 
Domain 
Kingdom 
Phylum 
Class
Order
Family 
Genus 
Species
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11
Q

3 domains are

A

Archaea
Bacteria
Eukarya

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12
Q

Archaea

A

Organisms Living in extreme conditions

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13
Q

Eukarya are

A

“You”

Protista
Fungi
Plants
Animalia

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14
Q

Scientific names

A

Two part names

First word is genus
Second word is species

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15
Q

Scientific method in order

A 
Observation 
Hypothesis 
Prediction and experiment 
Presenting and analyzing
Conclusion
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16
Q

Scientific laws

A

Explain what happens

A pattern in nature

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17
Q

Scientific theory

A

Explains why and how a law exist

(Explain pattern in nature)

You use inductive reasoning when trying to explain law

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18
Q

Inductive reasoning

A

Specific to general

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19
Q

Deductive

A

General to specific

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20
Q

Experimental variable

A

Independent variable

Factor of the experiment being tested

What you change in experiment

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21
Q

Response variable

A

Dependent variable

Resulting or change that occurs due to experimental variable

Thing I try to test or message

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22
Q

Null hypothesis

A

No effect be control and experience or same

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23
Q

Alternative hypothesis

A

There is a difference be control and experience

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24
Q

Confounding variables

A

Extra variables

How to control:
Replicates - same experiment performed many times

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25
Q

Science and technologies

A

Interdependent

Science finding out something in the world

Technology used what science found out to create something

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26
Q

Challenges for science and society

A

Loss of diversity

Ermerging and reemerging disease

Climate change

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27
Q

Components of a virus

A

Capsid - protein shell
Nucleus acid core - DNA/RNA
Envelope - surrounds capsid (extra protection)
Spikes for attachment of host cells

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28
Q

Virus are

A

Obligated parasites

Acellular - no cells

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29
Q

Atoms

A

Smallest part of an element

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30
Q

Atomic number

A

of protons in nucleus

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31
Q

Mass number

A

Sum or protons and neutrons in nucleus

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32
Q

Isotope

A

Same element with different # of neutrons

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33
Q

Use radioactive isotopes to cure things

A

Low radioactive
- Tracer or chemical tag to detect molecular changes

High radioactive

  • radiation that can harm cells, DNA or cause cancer
  • kill bacteria, fungi, cancer cells
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34
Q

Molecule is formed by

A

Two or more atoms forming together

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35
Q

Elements bond together

A

Compound

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36
Q

Ionic bonding

A

Atoms attract but one takes an electron from the other

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37
Q

Covalent bond

A

Two atoms share electrons

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38
Q

No polar covalent bond

A

Electrons being shared are equal

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39
Q

Polar covalent bond

A

Sharing of electrons bw two atoms are unequal

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40
Q

Hydrogen bonding

A

Relatively weak bond by itself but strong when a lot

Due to pos hydrogen bonding to negative oxygen or nitrogen

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41
Q

Properties of water due to hydrogen bonding

A

High heat capacity
- does not change temp easy

High heat of vaporization
- makes heatong by evaporation efficient

Can dissolve many molecules

  • hydrophilic molecules attract water (like)
  • hydrophobic molecules repel water (don’t like)

Cohesion and adhesion

Ice is less dense then water

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42
Q

Cohesion

A

Water molecules stick to water molecules

Ex)surface tension

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43
Q

Adhesion

A

Water molecule clinging to different substance

Ex) water droplets on glass

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44
Q

pH scale

A 
Acidic solution (high H and low OH)
0-6 pH

Neutral solution
7pH

Basic solution (low H and high OH)
8-14 pH
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45
Q

Buffer keeps pH

A

Within normal limits

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46
Q

Organic molecules always contain what two molecules

A

Carbon and hydrogen

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47
Q

Isomer

A

Molecule with same molecular formula but different structure shape

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48
Q

Functional groups

A

Specific combinations of atoms that ways have same chemical elements properties and always react the same way

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49
Q

Functional group -OH

A

Hydroxyl Group

Ex alcohol

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50
Q

Functional group -NH2

A

Amino group

Ex amine

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51
Q

Functional group -CH3

A

Methyl Group

Methylated compound

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52
Q

Monomers and polymers

A

Monomers
- simple organic molecules

Polymers
- large organic molecules made from monomers

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53
Q

Dehydration reaction (synthesis)

A

Monomers to polymers
Joins monomers

Also create water

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54
Q

Hydrolysis reaction (degradation)

A

Polymers into monomers

Water added

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55
Q

Sugar molecules all end in what

A

-ose

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56
Q

Carbohydrates

A

Universally used energy source for living organism

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57
Q

Monosaccharides

A

A single sugar molecule (simple sugar)

  • Glucose (hexose sugar)
  • fructose
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58
Q

Disaccharides

A

Contain two monosaccharides that joined through dehydration reaction

-maltose, sucrose, lactose

59
Q

Polysaccharide

A

Long polymers chains of glucose subunits

  • starch
    Plants use for energy storage
  • glycogen
    Used by animals for energy storage
  • cellulose
    Plant cell walls
  • chitin
    Exoskeleton of bugs and crustaceans
60
Q

Fate come from what

A

Animals

61
Q

Oils come from what’s

A

Plants

62
Q

Saturated fats

A

Solid at room temp.
Strait
No double bonds

63
Q

Unsaturated fats

A

Liquid at room temp.
Bent
Double bonds

64
Q

Trans fat

A

Produce by hydrogenation turn fat into solid

65
Q

Steroids

A

Backbone of four fused carbon rings

Cholesterol

66
Q

Proteins are polymers of

A

Amino acids (monomers)

67
Q

Amino acid built like

A

Central carbon bonded to hydrogen and three functional group

68
Q

Enzyme do what

A

Speed up reactions

69
Q

Level of protein organization

A

Primary
Secondary
Tertiary
Quaternary

70
Q

Primary structure

A

Sequence of amino acids that join to form poly peptide

71
Q

Secondary structure

A

Hydrogen bonding of amino acids cause shape in polypeptide

Alpha helix

Beta plated sheet

72
Q

Tertiary structure

A

Covalent bonding of r groups

3D shape

73
Q

Quaternary structure

A

Two or more polypeptides join to form protein

74
Q

DNA match based

A

AT
CG

Adinine thymine
Cytosine guanine

75
Q

RNA based

A

AU
CG

Adinine uracyl
Cytosine guanine

76
Q

ATP is what

A

Energy

77
Q

Cell wall

A

Contains polysacchrides that support and protect the cell

Plants and fungi

78
Q

Plasma membrane (cell membrane)

A

Phospholipid biylayer with embedded proteins

Regulates what comes in and out of cell, contains cytoplasm and all organelle

79
Q

Nucleus

A

Contains: nuclear envelope, nucleoplasm, chromatin, nucleoli

Storage of genetic info : synthesis of dna and rna

“Purple orange”

80
Q

Nucleoli (nucleolus)

A

[] area of chromatin, rna and protein

Ribosomial subunit formation

Pit of orange

81
Q

Nucleoplasm

A

Semi fluid in nucleus

Purple orange juice

82
Q

Chromatin (inside nucleus)

A

DNA and associated proteins in the semi fluid

83
Q

Nuclear envelope

A

Double membrane of nucleus’s that is continuous with ER

SKIN OF ORANGE

84
Q

Nuclear pores

A

Wholes in nuclear envelope

85
Q

Ribosomes

A

Meant for ( protein and rna in two subunits ) Protein synthesis

86
Q

Rough ER

A

Folded membrane with ribosomes

Folding modifications and transport of proteins for export

Protein synthesis send to golgi

Mailman

87
Q

Smooth ER

A

Folded membrane w/ no ribosomes

Lipid and carbohydrate synthesis

Detoxification

88
Q

Golgi apparatus

A

Processing and packaging and distribution of protein and lipids

Mail room and ship again

89
Q

Lysosomes

A

Intercellular digestion

90
Q

Vacuoles and vesicles

A

Vacuole are larger
Vesicles small

Storage

91
Q

Peroxisomes

A

Breakdown fatty acids and other metabolic task

92
Q

Mitochondria

A

Power house of the cell make atp

Cellular respiration

93
Q

Chloroplast (plants protist)

A

Photosynthesis

94
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

Microtubles
Intermediate filiments
Actin filiments

Shape cell and movement of parts

95
Q

Chloroplast

A

Storma - space inside
Grana - stacked pancakes
Double membrane
Thylakoids (one pancake)

96
Q

Actin filiments

A

Long flexible fibers

Interacts with motor molecules to move muscles

97
Q

Cellia and flagela

A

Cillia small hairs

Flagella tail like thing on sperm

Movement

9 + 2 pattern of micro tubes

98
Q

Centrioles

A

9 + 0 pattern of micro tubes

Formation of basal bodies

99
Q

Mitochondria

A

Double membrane
- outer and inner
Matrix - open space
Cristae - folds

100
Q

3 parts of cell thoery

A

All organisms made up of cells

Cells are basic unit of living things and structure

Cells come from pre existing cells

101
Q

Endosymbiosis theory

A

Mitochondria and chloroplast used to be prokaryotes

Got ingested by bigger cell and Just lived together through symbiotic relationship

102
Q

Cell size and surface to volume ratio

A

Small size = large surface area = more efficient

103
Q

Fluid mosaic

A

Fluid phospholipids tails

Mosaic membrane proteins

104
Q

Channel proteins

A

Allow particular molecule to cross membrane freely

105
Q

Carrier protein

A

Selectively interacts w specific molecule so that it can cross membrane

106
Q

Cell recognition protein

A

Determine if molecules is “me” if not it will send signal to attacks

107
Q

Receptor protein

A

Specific molecule binds to carry specific function lock key

108
Q

Enzymatic protein

A

Catalyze reactions

109
Q

Energy not required for

A

Diffusion

Or facilitated diffusion

110
Q

Diffusion

A

Toward location concentration

Concentration gradient

Liquid soluble molecules and gases

111
Q

Facilitated diffusion

A

Toward lower concentration

Channels or carrier proteins on gradient

112
Q

Energy is required on

A

Active transport

Exocytosis

Endocytosis

113
Q

Active transport

A

Toward higher concentration

Carrier protein plus energy against gradient

114
Q

Exocytosis

A

Exit cell

Vesicle send stuff out

Macromolecules

115
Q

Endocytosis

A

Goin inside cell “cell eating”
Vesicle formation

Phago large

Pino Small

Receptor mediated - coated pit w receptors

116
Q

Hypotonic

A

Less concentration of water inside cell

High [ solute ] outside

Water goes in

Hippo get fat

117
Q

Hypertonic

A

Lower concentration of solute inside compared to outside - water goes out

Cell get small

Hyper kid is skinny

118
Q

Isotonic

A

No net change of water movement inside or outside of cell

119
Q

Erect is the ability to

A

Do work

120
Q

Kinetic energy

A

Motion energy

121
Q

Potential energy

A

Stored energy

122
Q

Chemical energy is

A

Food or things ingested

Stored in bonds

123
Q

Mechanical energy

A

Chemical energy from an animal is turned into some sort of kinetic energy

Muscle movement

124
Q

1st law of thermodynamics

A

Energy cannot be created or destroyed

125
Q

2nd law of thermodynamics

A

Energy cannot be converted from one state to another without the loss of energy (heat)

126
Q

Metabolism

A

Sum of chemical energy in cell

127
Q

Catabolism

A

Breaking down of molecules

128
Q

Anabolism

A

Building of molecules

129
Q

Entropy (disorder)

A

Always increasing

More org
More potential Clean room
Less stable

Less org
Less potential Messy room
More stable

130
Q

Every reaction has

A

Reactant that turns into product

131
Q

Endergonic reactions

A

Require input of energy

Anabolism

132
Q

Exergonic reaction

A

Release energy

Catabolism

133
Q

ATP

A

(Adinine triphosphate)

Nitrogen base adenine
And 5 carbon sugar (ribose)

134
Q

Couples reaction

A

Energy released by an exergonic reaction used to drive endergonic reaction

ATP turning into ADP +P

135
Q

Enzymes do what to reaction

A

Increase or rate of reaction

Also called catalyst

136
Q

All enzymes are proteins

A

But not all proteins are enzyme

137
Q

End in -ase is what

A

Enzyme

138
Q

Enzyme must interact with

A

Substrate to be active

E + S —

139
Q

Enzyme is never used up in reaction true or false

A

True

140
Q

Enzyme have an active site for substrate

A

Only specific enzyme fit specific substrate

Lock and key

141
Q

What affect enzyme

A

Temp and pH

Temp increase speed up enzyme activity but too much will denature

Optimum pH works best

142
Q

Feedback inhibition

A

Competitive
- product binds to active site blocking substrate

Non competitive
- product binds to enzyme changing shape stops accepting substrate

143
Q

Cofactors

A

Inorganic ions that aid enzyme activity

Metals

144
Q

Coenzyme

A

Non protein organic molecules that aid enzymes activity

NAD+ FAD+ vitemens

POB (4 decks)

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