POB Exam 1 Flashcards
The characteristic of life
Organized
Require materials and energy
Reproduce and develop
Respond to stimuli
Maintain homeostasis
Adaption
The characteristic of life: organization
Atoms Molecules Cells Tissue Organs Organs systems Organism Population Communities Ecosystem Biosphere
A monkey calls to oh oh oh people call every body
The characteristic of life: requiring materials and energy
Metabolism and photosynthesis
The characteristic of life: reproduce and develops
Organisms reproduce
Genes, DNA
Mutation
Development
The characteristic of life: Respond to stimuli
Detect react to internal or external events
The characteristic of life:
Maintain homeostasis
Homeostasis-
Ability to maintain a stable internal environment
The characteristic of life:
Adaptions
Allow them to adapt and evolve to be able to live in the environment
Taxonomy
Identifying and grouping organism according to certain rules
Systematics
Study of the evolutionary relationships between organisms
Taxa categories
Domain Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species
3 domains are
Archaea
Bacteria
Eukarya
Archaea
Organisms Living in extreme conditions
Eukarya are
“You”
Protista
Fungi
Plants
Animalia
Scientific names
Two part names
First word is genus
Second word is species
Scientific method in order
Observation Hypothesis Prediction and experiment Presenting and analyzing Conclusion
Scientific laws
Explain what happens
A pattern in nature
Scientific theory
Explains why and how a law exist
(Explain pattern in nature)
You use inductive reasoning when trying to explain law
Inductive reasoning
Specific to general
Deductive
General to specific
Experimental variable
Independent variable
Factor of the experiment being tested
What you change in experiment
Response variable
Dependent variable
Resulting or change that occurs due to experimental variable
Thing I try to test or message
Null hypothesis
No effect be control and experience or same
Alternative hypothesis
There is a difference be control and experience
Confounding variables
Extra variables
How to control:
Replicates - same experiment performed many times
Science and technologies
Interdependent
Science finding out something in the world
Technology used what science found out to create something
Challenges for science and society
Loss of diversity
Ermerging and reemerging disease
Climate change
Components of a virus
Capsid - protein shell
Nucleus acid core - DNA/RNA
Envelope - surrounds capsid (extra protection)
Spikes for attachment of host cells
Virus are
Obligated parasites
Acellular - no cells
Atoms
Smallest part of an element
Atomic number
of protons in nucleus
Mass number
Sum or protons and neutrons in nucleus
Isotope
Same element with different # of neutrons
Use radioactive isotopes to cure things
Low radioactive
- Tracer or chemical tag to detect molecular changes
High radioactive
- radiation that can harm cells, DNA or cause cancer
- kill bacteria, fungi, cancer cells
Molecule is formed by
Two or more atoms forming together
Elements bond together
Compound
Ionic bonding
Atoms attract but one takes an electron from the other
Covalent bond
Two atoms share electrons
No polar covalent bond
Electrons being shared are equal
Polar covalent bond
Sharing of electrons bw two atoms are unequal
Hydrogen bonding
Relatively weak bond by itself but strong when a lot
Due to pos hydrogen bonding to negative oxygen or nitrogen
Properties of water due to hydrogen bonding
High heat capacity
- does not change temp easy
High heat of vaporization
- makes heatong by evaporation efficient
Can dissolve many molecules
- hydrophilic molecules attract water (like)
- hydrophobic molecules repel water (don’t like)
Cohesion and adhesion
Ice is less dense then water
Cohesion
Water molecules stick to water molecules
Ex)surface tension
Adhesion
Water molecule clinging to different substance
Ex) water droplets on glass
pH scale
Acidic solution (high H and low OH) 0-6 pH
Neutral solution
7pH
Basic solution (low H and high OH) 8-14 pH
Buffer keeps pH
Within normal limits
Organic molecules always contain what two molecules
Carbon and hydrogen
Isomer
Molecule with same molecular formula but different structure shape
Functional groups
Specific combinations of atoms that ways have same chemical elements properties and always react the same way
Functional group -OH
Hydroxyl Group
Ex alcohol
Functional group -NH2
Amino group
Ex amine
Functional group -CH3
Methyl Group
Methylated compound
Monomers and polymers
Monomers
- simple organic molecules
Polymers
- large organic molecules made from monomers
Dehydration reaction (synthesis)
Monomers to polymers
Joins monomers
Also create water
Hydrolysis reaction (degradation)
Polymers into monomers
Water added
Sugar molecules all end in what
-ose
Carbohydrates
Universally used energy source for living organism
Monosaccharides
A single sugar molecule (simple sugar)
- Glucose (hexose sugar)
- fructose
Disaccharides
Contain two monosaccharides that joined through dehydration reaction
-maltose, sucrose, lactose
Polysaccharide
Long polymers chains of glucose subunits
- starch
Plants use for energy storage - glycogen
Used by animals for energy storage - cellulose
Plant cell walls - chitin
Exoskeleton of bugs and crustaceans
Fate come from what
Animals
Oils come from what’s
Plants
Saturated fats
Solid at room temp.
Strait
No double bonds
Unsaturated fats
Liquid at room temp.
Bent
Double bonds
Trans fat
Produce by hydrogenation turn fat into solid
Steroids
Backbone of four fused carbon rings
Cholesterol
Proteins are polymers of
Amino acids (monomers)
Amino acid built like
Central carbon bonded to hydrogen and three functional group
Enzyme do what
Speed up reactions
Level of protein organization
Primary
Secondary
Tertiary
Quaternary
Primary structure
Sequence of amino acids that join to form poly peptide
Secondary structure
Hydrogen bonding of amino acids cause shape in polypeptide
Alpha helix
Beta plated sheet
Tertiary structure
Covalent bonding of r groups
3D shape
Quaternary structure
Two or more polypeptides join to form protein
DNA match based
AT
CG
Adinine thymine
Cytosine guanine
RNA based
AU
CG
Adinine uracyl
Cytosine guanine
ATP is what
Energy
Cell wall
Contains polysacchrides that support and protect the cell
Plants and fungi
Plasma membrane (cell membrane)
Phospholipid biylayer with embedded proteins
Regulates what comes in and out of cell, contains cytoplasm and all organelle
Nucleus
Contains: nuclear envelope, nucleoplasm, chromatin, nucleoli
Storage of genetic info : synthesis of dna and rna
“Purple orange”
Nucleoli (nucleolus)
[] area of chromatin, rna and protein
Ribosomial subunit formation
Pit of orange
Nucleoplasm
Semi fluid in nucleus
Purple orange juice
Chromatin (inside nucleus)
DNA and associated proteins in the semi fluid
Nuclear envelope
Double membrane of nucleus’s that is continuous with ER
SKIN OF ORANGE
Nuclear pores
Wholes in nuclear envelope
Ribosomes
Meant for ( protein and rna in two subunits ) Protein synthesis
Rough ER
Folded membrane with ribosomes
Folding modifications and transport of proteins for export
Protein synthesis send to golgi
Mailman
Smooth ER
Folded membrane w/ no ribosomes
Lipid and carbohydrate synthesis
Detoxification
Golgi apparatus
Processing and packaging and distribution of protein and lipids
Mail room and ship again
Lysosomes
Intercellular digestion
Vacuoles and vesicles
Vacuole are larger
Vesicles small
Storage
Peroxisomes
Breakdown fatty acids and other metabolic task
Mitochondria
Power house of the cell make atp
Cellular respiration
Chloroplast (plants protist)
Photosynthesis
Cytoskeleton
Microtubles
Intermediate filiments
Actin filiments
Shape cell and movement of parts
Chloroplast
Storma - space inside
Grana - stacked pancakes
Double membrane
Thylakoids (one pancake)
Actin filiments
Long flexible fibers
Interacts with motor molecules to move muscles
Cellia and flagela
Cillia small hairs
Flagella tail like thing on sperm
Movement
9 + 2 pattern of micro tubes
Centrioles
9 + 0 pattern of micro tubes
Formation of basal bodies
Mitochondria
Double membrane
- outer and inner
Matrix - open space
Cristae - folds
3 parts of cell thoery
All organisms made up of cells
Cells are basic unit of living things and structure
Cells come from pre existing cells
Endosymbiosis theory
Mitochondria and chloroplast used to be prokaryotes
Got ingested by bigger cell and Just lived together through symbiotic relationship
Cell size and surface to volume ratio
Small size = large surface area = more efficient
Fluid mosaic
Fluid phospholipids tails
Mosaic membrane proteins
Channel proteins
Allow particular molecule to cross membrane freely
Carrier protein
Selectively interacts w specific molecule so that it can cross membrane
Cell recognition protein
Determine if molecules is “me” if not it will send signal to attacks
Receptor protein
Specific molecule binds to carry specific function lock key
Enzymatic protein
Catalyze reactions
Energy not required for
Diffusion
Or facilitated diffusion
Diffusion
Toward location concentration
Concentration gradient
Liquid soluble molecules and gases
Facilitated diffusion
Toward lower concentration
Channels or carrier proteins on gradient
Energy is required on
Active transport
Exocytosis
Endocytosis
Active transport
Toward higher concentration
Carrier protein plus energy against gradient
Exocytosis
Exit cell
Vesicle send stuff out
Macromolecules
Endocytosis
Goin inside cell “cell eating”
Vesicle formation
Phago large
Pino Small
Receptor mediated - coated pit w receptors
Hypotonic
Less concentration of water inside cell
High [ solute ] outside
Water goes in
Hippo get fat
Hypertonic
Lower concentration of solute inside compared to outside - water goes out
Cell get small
Hyper kid is skinny
Isotonic
No net change of water movement inside or outside of cell
Erect is the ability to
Do work
Kinetic energy
Motion energy
Potential energy
Stored energy
Chemical energy is
Food or things ingested
Stored in bonds
Mechanical energy
Chemical energy from an animal is turned into some sort of kinetic energy
Muscle movement
1st law of thermodynamics
Energy cannot be created or destroyed
2nd law of thermodynamics
Energy cannot be converted from one state to another without the loss of energy (heat)
Metabolism
Sum of chemical energy in cell
Catabolism
Breaking down of molecules
Anabolism
Building of molecules
Entropy (disorder)
Always increasing
More org
More potential Clean room
Less stable
Less org
Less potential Messy room
More stable
Every reaction has
Reactant that turns into product
Endergonic reactions
Require input of energy
Anabolism
Exergonic reaction
Release energy
Catabolism
ATP
(Adinine triphosphate)
Nitrogen base adenine
And 5 carbon sugar (ribose)
Couples reaction
Energy released by an exergonic reaction used to drive endergonic reaction
ATP turning into ADP +P
Enzymes do what to reaction
Increase or rate of reaction
Also called catalyst
All enzymes are proteins
But not all proteins are enzyme
End in -ase is what
Enzyme
Enzyme must interact with
Substrate to be active
E + S —
Enzyme is never used up in reaction true or false
True
Enzyme have an active site for substrate
Only specific enzyme fit specific substrate
Lock and key
What affect enzyme
Temp and pH
Temp increase speed up enzyme activity but too much will denature
Optimum pH works best
Feedback inhibition
Competitive
- product binds to active site blocking substrate
Non competitive
- product binds to enzyme changing shape stops accepting substrate
Cofactors
Inorganic ions that aid enzyme activity
Metals
Coenzyme
Non protein organic molecules that aid enzymes activity
NAD+ FAD+ vitemens
