POB Exam 1 Flashcards
1
Q
The characteristic of life
A
Organized
Require materials and energy
Reproduce and develop
Respond to stimuli
Maintain homeostasis
Adaption
2
Q
The characteristic of life: organization
A
Atoms Molecules Cells Tissue Organs Organs systems Organism Population Communities Ecosystem Biosphere
A monkey calls to oh oh oh people call every body
3
Q
The characteristic of life: requiring materials and energy
A
Metabolism and photosynthesis
4
Q
The characteristic of life: reproduce and develops
A
Organisms reproduce
Genes, DNA
Mutation
Development
5
Q
The characteristic of life: Respond to stimuli
A
Detect react to internal or external events
6
Q
The characteristic of life:
Maintain homeostasis
A
Homeostasis-
Ability to maintain a stable internal environment
7
Q
The characteristic of life:
Adaptions
A
Allow them to adapt and evolve to be able to live in the environment
8
Q
Taxonomy
A
Identifying and grouping organism according to certain rules
9
Q
Systematics
A
Study of the evolutionary relationships between organisms
10
Q
Taxa categories
A
Domain Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species
11
Q
3 domains are
A
Archaea
Bacteria
Eukarya
12
Q
Archaea
A
Organisms Living in extreme conditions
13
Q
Eukarya are
A
“You”
Protista
Fungi
Plants
Animalia
14
Q
Scientific names
A
Two part names
First word is genus
Second word is species
15
Q
Scientific method in order
A
Observation Hypothesis Prediction and experiment Presenting and analyzing Conclusion
16
Q
Scientific laws
A
Explain what happens
A pattern in nature
17
Q
Scientific theory
A
Explains why and how a law exist
(Explain pattern in nature)
You use inductive reasoning when trying to explain law
18
Q
Inductive reasoning
A
Specific to general
19
Q
Deductive
A
General to specific
20
Q
Experimental variable
A
Independent variable
Factor of the experiment being tested
What you change in experiment
21
Q
Response variable
A
Dependent variable
Resulting or change that occurs due to experimental variable
Thing I try to test or message
22
Q
Null hypothesis
A
No effect be control and experience or same
23
Q
Alternative hypothesis
A
There is a difference be control and experience
24
Q
Confounding variables
A
Extra variables
How to control:
Replicates - same experiment performed many times
25
Science and technologies
Interdependent
Science finding out something in the world
Technology used what science found out to create something
26
Challenges for science and society
Loss of diversity
Ermerging and reemerging disease
Climate change
27
Components of a virus
Capsid - protein shell
Nucleus acid core - DNA/RNA
Envelope - surrounds capsid (extra protection)
Spikes for attachment of host cells
28
Virus are
Obligated parasites
| Acellular - no cells
29
Atoms
Smallest part of an element
30
Atomic number
of protons in nucleus
31
Mass number
Sum or protons and neutrons in nucleus
32
Isotope
Same element with different # of neutrons
33
Use radioactive isotopes to cure things
Low radioactive
- Tracer or chemical tag to detect molecular changes
High radioactive
- radiation that can harm cells, DNA or cause cancer
- kill bacteria, fungi, cancer cells
34
Molecule is formed by
Two or more atoms forming together
35
Elements bond together
Compound
36
Ionic bonding
Atoms attract but one takes an electron from the other
37
Covalent bond
Two atoms share electrons
38
No polar covalent bond
Electrons being shared are equal
39
Polar covalent bond
Sharing of electrons bw two atoms are unequal
40
Hydrogen bonding
Relatively weak bond by itself but strong when a lot
Due to pos hydrogen bonding to negative oxygen or nitrogen
41
Properties of water due to hydrogen bonding
High heat capacity
- does not change temp easy
High heat of vaporization
- makes heatong by evaporation efficient
Can dissolve many molecules
- hydrophilic molecules attract water (like)
- hydrophobic molecules repel water (don’t like)
Cohesion and adhesion
Ice is less dense then water
42
Cohesion
Water molecules stick to water molecules
Ex)surface tension
43
Adhesion
Water molecule clinging to different substance
Ex) water droplets on glass
44
pH scale
```
Acidic solution (high H and low OH)
0-6 pH
```
Neutral solution
7pH
```
Basic solution (low H and high OH)
8-14 pH
```
45
Buffer keeps pH
Within normal limits
46
Organic molecules always contain what two molecules
Carbon and hydrogen
47
Isomer
Molecule with same molecular formula but different structure shape
48
Functional groups
Specific combinations of atoms that ways have same chemical elements properties and always react the same way
49
Functional group -OH
Hydroxyl Group
Ex alcohol
50
Functional group -NH2
Amino group
Ex amine
51
Functional group -CH3
Methyl Group
Methylated compound
52
Monomers and polymers
Monomers
- simple organic molecules
Polymers
- large organic molecules made from monomers
53
Dehydration reaction (synthesis)
Monomers to polymers
Joins monomers
Also create water
54
Hydrolysis reaction (degradation)
Polymers into monomers
Water added
55
Sugar molecules all end in what
-ose
56
Carbohydrates
Universally used energy source for living organism
57
Monosaccharides
A single sugar molecule (simple sugar)
- Glucose (hexose sugar)
- fructose
58
Disaccharides
Contain two monosaccharides that joined through dehydration reaction
-maltose, sucrose, lactose
59
Polysaccharide
Long polymers chains of glucose subunits
- starch
Plants use for energy storage
- glycogen
Used by animals for energy storage
- cellulose
Plant cell walls
- chitin
Exoskeleton of bugs and crustaceans
60
Fate come from what
Animals
61
Oils come from what’s
Plants
62
Saturated fats
Solid at room temp.
Strait
No double bonds
63
Unsaturated fats
Liquid at room temp.
Bent
Double bonds
64
Trans fat
Produce by hydrogenation turn fat into solid
65
Steroids
Backbone of four fused carbon rings
Cholesterol
66
Proteins are polymers of
Amino acids (monomers)
67
Amino acid built like
Central carbon bonded to hydrogen and three functional group
68
Enzyme do what
Speed up reactions
69
Level of protein organization
Primary
Secondary
Tertiary
Quaternary
70
Primary structure
Sequence of amino acids that join to form poly peptide
71
Secondary structure
Hydrogen bonding of amino acids cause shape in polypeptide
Alpha helix
Beta plated sheet
72
Tertiary structure
Covalent bonding of r groups
3D shape
73
Quaternary structure
Two or more polypeptides join to form protein
74
DNA match based
AT
CG
Adinine thymine
Cytosine guanine
75
RNA based
AU
CG
Adinine uracyl
Cytosine guanine
76
ATP is what
Energy
77
Cell wall
Contains polysacchrides that support and protect the cell
Plants and fungi
78
Plasma membrane (cell membrane)
Phospholipid biylayer with embedded proteins
Regulates what comes in and out of cell, contains cytoplasm and all organelle
79
Nucleus
Contains: nuclear envelope, nucleoplasm, chromatin, nucleoli
Storage of genetic info : synthesis of dna and rna
“Purple orange”
80
Nucleoli (nucleolus)
[] area of chromatin, rna and protein
Ribosomial subunit formation
Pit of orange
81
Nucleoplasm
Semi fluid in nucleus
Purple orange juice
82
Chromatin (inside nucleus)
DNA and associated proteins in the semi fluid
83
Nuclear envelope
Double membrane of nucleus’s that is continuous with ER
SKIN OF ORANGE
84
Nuclear pores
Wholes in nuclear envelope
85
Ribosomes
Meant for ( protein and rna in two subunits ) Protein synthesis
86
Rough ER
Folded membrane with ribosomes
Folding modifications and transport of proteins for export
Protein synthesis send to golgi
Mailman
87
Smooth ER
Folded membrane w/ no ribosomes
Lipid and carbohydrate synthesis
Detoxification
88
Golgi apparatus
Processing and packaging and distribution of protein and lipids
Mail room and ship again
89
Lysosomes
Intercellular digestion
90
Vacuoles and vesicles
Vacuole are larger
Vesicles small
Storage
91
Peroxisomes
Breakdown fatty acids and other metabolic task
92
Mitochondria
Power house of the cell make atp
Cellular respiration
93
Chloroplast (plants protist)
Photosynthesis
94
Cytoskeleton
Microtubles
Intermediate filiments
Actin filiments
Shape cell and movement of parts
95
Chloroplast
Storma - space inside
Grana - stacked pancakes
Double membrane
Thylakoids (one pancake)
96
Actin filiments
Long flexible fibers
Interacts with motor molecules to move muscles
97
Cellia and flagela
Cillia small hairs
Flagella tail like thing on sperm
Movement
9 + 2 pattern of micro tubes
98
Centrioles
9 + 0 pattern of micro tubes
Formation of basal bodies
99
Mitochondria
Double membrane
- outer and inner
Matrix - open space
Cristae - folds
100
3 parts of cell thoery
All organisms made up of cells
Cells are basic unit of living things and structure
Cells come from pre existing cells
101
Endosymbiosis theory
Mitochondria and chloroplast used to be prokaryotes
Got ingested by bigger cell and Just lived together through symbiotic relationship
102
Cell size and surface to volume ratio
Small size = large surface area = more efficient
103
Fluid mosaic
Fluid phospholipids tails
Mosaic membrane proteins
104
Channel proteins
Allow particular molecule to cross membrane freely
105
Carrier protein
Selectively interacts w specific molecule so that it can cross membrane
106
Cell recognition protein
Determine if molecules is “me” if not it will send signal to attacks
107
Receptor protein
Specific molecule binds to carry specific function lock key
108
Enzymatic protein
Catalyze reactions
109
Energy not required for
Diffusion
Or facilitated diffusion
110
Diffusion
Toward location concentration
Concentration gradient
Liquid soluble molecules and gases
111
Facilitated diffusion
Toward lower concentration
Channels or carrier proteins on gradient
112
Energy is required on
Active transport
Exocytosis
Endocytosis
113
Active transport
Toward higher concentration
Carrier protein plus energy against gradient
114
Exocytosis
Exit cell
Vesicle send stuff out
Macromolecules
115
Endocytosis
Goin inside cell “cell eating”
Vesicle formation
Phago large
Pino Small
Receptor mediated - coated pit w receptors
116
Hypotonic
Less concentration of water inside cell
High [ solute ] outside
Water goes in
Hippo get fat
117
Hypertonic
Lower concentration of solute inside compared to outside - water goes out
Cell get small
Hyper kid is skinny
118
Isotonic
No net change of water movement inside or outside of cell
119
Erect is the ability to
Do work
120
Kinetic energy
Motion energy
121
Potential energy
Stored energy
122
Chemical energy is
Food or things ingested
Stored in bonds
123
Mechanical energy
Chemical energy from an animal is turned into some sort of kinetic energy
Muscle movement
124
1st law of thermodynamics
Energy cannot be created or destroyed
125
2nd law of thermodynamics
Energy cannot be converted from one state to another without the loss of energy (heat)
126
Metabolism
Sum of chemical energy in cell
127
Catabolism
Breaking down of molecules
128
Anabolism
Building of molecules
129
Entropy (disorder)
Always increasing
More org
More potential Clean room
Less stable
Less org
Less potential Messy room
More stable
130
Every reaction has
Reactant that turns into product
131
Endergonic reactions
Require input of energy
Anabolism
132
Exergonic reaction
Release energy
Catabolism
133
ATP
(Adinine triphosphate)
Nitrogen base adenine
And 5 carbon sugar (ribose)
134
Couples reaction
Energy released by an exergonic reaction used to drive endergonic reaction
ATP turning into ADP +P
135
Enzymes do what to reaction
Increase or rate of reaction
Also called catalyst
136
All enzymes are proteins
But not all proteins are enzyme
137
End in -ase is what
Enzyme
138
Enzyme must interact with
Substrate to be active
E + S —
139
Enzyme is never used up in reaction true or false
True
140
Enzyme have an active site for substrate
Only specific enzyme fit specific substrate
Lock and key
141
What affect enzyme
Temp and pH
Temp increase speed up enzyme activity but too much will denature
Optimum pH works best
142
Feedback inhibition
Competitive
- product binds to active site blocking substrate
Non competitive
- product binds to enzyme changing shape stops accepting substrate
143
Cofactors
Inorganic ions that aid enzyme activity
Metals
144
Coenzyme
Non protein organic molecules that aid enzymes activity
NAD+ FAD+ vitemens
