Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

POB > POB Exam 2 > Flashcards

POB Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Photosynthesis does what

A

Convert solar energy into chemical energy of a carbohydrate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Carbon dioxide enters the leaves through

A

Stomata

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Filled interior of chloroplast is called

A

Stroma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Flattened sacs in chloroplast is what

A

Thylakoids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Thylakoids are stacked to form what

A

Grana

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Chlorophyll and other pigments part of the thylakoid membrane do what

A

Absorb solar energy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Chloroplast has a what kind of membrane

A

A double membrane

Outer and inner membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Photosynthetic equation

A

6CO2 + 6H20 —

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are the two set of reactions in photosynthesis

A

Light reactions (dependent of light)

Calvin cycle (independent of light)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Electromagnetic spectrum

A

Gamma ray—

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are the photosynthetic pigments

A

Chlorophyll a and b

Carotenoids

Each of them absorb a specific wavelength

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Leaves appear green because what light is reflected

A

Green

All other colors absorbed, reason we see a color is because it is reflected off

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Light reaction of photosynthesis contains what process

A

Photosystem 2

Electron transport chain

Photosystem 1

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Where does the light reactions take place

A

Thylakoid membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Ps2 does what?

A

Pigment complex absorbs solar energy
—>
Energy passes from on pigment to
another until reaching reaction center —>

Electrons energized
(Electron acceptor)

Water is split to replace energized electrons —

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

At the electron transport chain what happens

A

Carries energy from ps2 to ps1

Energy is release to pump hydrogen ions into the thylakoid space forming a gradient

When the ions flow through atp synthase it forms ATP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

PS1 does what

A

Absorbs solar energy

Low energy ps2 electrons used to replace those lost in ps1

Adjacent to enzyme that reduces NADP+ to NADPH
(Accept electrons from ps2 to do this)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Hoover dam = light reaction

A

Reservoir = thylakoid space bc it store something

Rain water (light from sun)

Hills that collect water (Ps2 and ps1)

Water kept inside reservoir - hydrogen ions

Water released that power turbine (atp synthase) energy is formed (atp)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Where do plants get their carbon to grow their tissue

A

Inorganic carbon through leaves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Calvin cycle purpose is to do what

A

Use co2 to produce carbohydrate for plant

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Where does the Calvin cycle take place

A

Stroma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Calvin cycle has three steps what are they

A

Co2 fixation

Co2 reduction

Regeneration of RuBP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Co2 reduction does what

A

It reduces Co2

Co2 becomes CH20

Possible by energy and electrons supplied by ATP and NADPH from light reactions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Regeneration of RuBP does what

A

Reforms RuBP by

Going through the cycle 3 times allows G3P exit, which uses 5 of them for 3 cycle

Creating RuBP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Why is the Calvin cycle important

A

G3P ca be used to for many other molecules like

Fatty acid and glycerol for plant oil
Glucose
Fructose
Starch and cellulose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Photosynthesis vs cellular respiration

A

Both use cellular respiration
Mitochondria
Break down glucose
O2 to co2

Only plants do photosynthesis
Chloroplast
Build glucose
Co2 to o2

Both use electron transport chain and chemiosmosis to produce ATP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

DNA and RNA are polymers of what

A

Nucleotides

They are polymers (nucleic acids) of monomers (nucleotides)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

DNA nucleotides have 4 nitrogenous bases

A

Adenine

Thymine

Cytosine

Guanine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

DNA vs RNA

A

DNA deoxyribonucleic acid

RNA Ribonucleic acid
Uses ribose instead of deoxyribose
Uracil instead of thymine
Single strand

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Who discovered dna

A

James Watson and Francis crick worked out 3D structure of DNA based off of Rosalind Franklin

Double helix is dna structure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

DNA structure

A

Double helix

Held by hydrogen bond

At
CG

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

DNA replication does what basically

A

DNA to DNA (identical to parent strand)

It is semi conservative
Old strand makes new strand

DNA helicase
Breaks unzip dna strand

DNA polymerase
Puts new strand of dna together

DNA ligase seal any breaks in sugar phosphate backbone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Gene expression is the process

A

Of using gene sequence to synthesize a protein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

How many process is inside gene expression

A

Transcription

Translation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Transcription

A

Take place in nucleus

DNA to RNA

DNA serves as template for mRNA formation

Uses RNA Polymerase to create mRNA

starts transcribing when there is a certain nucleotide sequence called promoter

Terminator tells it to stop transcribing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Genetic code

A

Triplet code - each three nucleotide unit of mRNA molecule is a codon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

mRNA codons

A

There are 64 different mRNA Codons

61 code for particular amino acids

Redundant code - codes of some amino acid have numerous code words

Protect against mutation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Co2 fixation has what happening

A

Co2 is attached to 5 carbon RuBP molecule

Happens 3 times

Results in 6Carbon molecule splits into two 3 carbon molecules

Done by RuBP carboxylase (stroma is full of this

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Translation has 3 parts what are they

A

Initiation (needs energy)

Elongation (need energy)

Termination

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Translation: initiation

A

Brings ribosome components together

Small ribosome sub unit
mRNA
Initiator tRNA (attach to start codon AUG)
Large ribosomal subunit

3 binding site for tRNA

P (peptide) site
A (amino acid) site
E (exit) site

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Translation: elongation

A

Process by which polypeptide increases in length

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

Steps in elongation

A

tRNA approaches A site (A tRNA w attached peptide is at P site)

tRNA binds to A site

Peptide bond forms to attach the new amino acid to the peptide chain

Ribosome moves forward, empty tRNA exits the E site and tRNA carries new amino acid to the ribosome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

Translation: termination

A

Termination occurs at the stop codon

Causes formation of 2 ribosomal subunits

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

What are the differences btw introns and Exons

A

Introns are removed

Exons are used bc they have DNA that can make protein
They are the expressed portion of genes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

Gene mutations are what

A

Permanent change in the sequence of bases in dna

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

What causes gene mutations

A

Error in replication

Mutagens

Transposons

Viruses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

Error in replication

A

DNA replication errors are rare for mutation source

Bc DNA polymerase proof reads to catch error

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

Mutagens are what

A

Environmental influences that can cause mutation

DNA repairs enzyme constantly to monitor and repair

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

Transposons are what

A

Specific DNA sequences that move within or between chromosomes

(Weird occurrence were they get cut and spliced and out at diff spots)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

Viruses can do what to cause mutagen

A

They insert their dna into host chromosome

Can cause HPV - leads to cervical cancer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

3 type of point mutations are

A

Substitution
May change specific amino acid (change a nucleotide)

Insertion (frameshift)
Insert nucleotide

Deletion (frameshift)
Delete nucleotide

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

Silent mutation

A

May have no affect (change amino acid but no affect)

54
Q

Frame shift mutations are what

A

One or more nucleotide are either inserted into or deleted from dna

Results in new sequence of codons and nonfunctional proteins

55
Q

The inability to breakdown phenylalanine results in what

A

PKU

Mental impairment

56
Q

The inability to convert tyrosine to melanin results in what causes condition

A

Albinism

58
Q

Translation is

A

Occurs in cytoplasm

RNA to protein

Coordinated by ribosomes

Anticodons on the tRNA recognize the appropriate codon on the mRNA

Codes for certain amino acid

59
Q

The stages of the cell cycle are

A

Interphase

  • G1
  • S
  • G2

Mitotic

  • Mitosis
  • Cytokinesis
60
Q

The cell cycle deals with what kind of cells and for what reason

A

Somatic cells (body cells)

For creation of new cells for reproduction
Growth
Repair
Replacement

61
Q

Apoptosis is what

A

Programmed cell death (to decrease # of cell)

Ex)

  • caterpillar to butterfly
  • tail of tadpole
  • webbing be human finger and toes
  • destroy bad cell (prevent cancer)
62
Q

Stages of interphase

A

G1 (checkpoint)

  • cell growth before synthesis of dna
  • if dna damaged go to apoptosis or go to G0 such in nerve or muscle cells

S (DNA synthesis)
DNA replication so that each chromosome contain 2 sister chromatids

G2 (checkpoint)

  • cell growth
  • cell synthesizes proteins for cell division
  • if dna damaged go to apoptosis
63
Q

Mitosis does what

A

Separation of sister chromatids and results into two daughter cells each containing complete identical set of chromosome and

64
Q

Mitosis

A

Division of nucleus’s that follows interphase

65
Q

Cytokinesis

A

Division of cytoplasm after mitosis

66
Q

Chromosome numbers

A

Diploid (2n) cell have two of each number of chromosome
- 46 chromosome (2 pair of 23) = body cell

Haploid (n) cell have half the diploid number of chromosome
- human egg or sperm = 23 (1 pair)

67
Q

If parent cell has a diploid of 14, how many chromosome will each New daughter have after mitosis

A

14

Bc dna replication produces duplicated chromosomes

Daughter cell same a parent

68
Q

Stages in mitosis

A

Prophase - centrioles form, chromosome condense, nuclear envelope disappear

Metaphase- Line up at middle, spindle fibers attach to sister chromatids

Anaphase- sister chromatids pull apart

Telephase- nuclear envelope forms, Chromatid to chromatin

Cytokinesis- cleavage furrow, cytoplasm split

PMAT-C

69
Q

What are kinetochores

A

Group of motor proteins that pull chromosomes along

70
Q

Cytokinesis in animal vs plant

A

Animal
-splitting of cytoplasm (cleavage furrow)

Plant

  • incomplete separation
  • form cell plate between
71
Q

What do proto oncogenes do

A

They are the gas peddle

They promote the cell cycle (prevent apoptosis)

Divide

RAS protein
Promote cell division
Normally must receive signal to initiate
Mutated always initiate

72
Q

What do tumor suppressor genes do

A

They are brakes

They stop cell cycle
No divide

P53
Transcription factor that controls gene for cell cycle inhibitor

73
Q

What is crossing over and when does it take place

A

It is the exchange of genetic material between non sister chromatids

It happens during prophase 1 of meiosis 1 (1st thing to happen)

74
Q

What is independent assortment and when does it happen

A

Homologous pairs line up randomly and they split into non distinct pairs

Occurs at metaphase (line up) and splits at anaphase during meiosis 1

75
Q

Homologous chromosomes are match in

A

Same length

Same centrosome position

Same gene location

76
Q

Homologous chromosomes separate during what phase of meiosis

A

Anaphase 1

77
Q

When do sister chromatids spectate in what phase

A

Anaphase (in mitosis)

Meiosis 2 (anaphase 2)

78
Q

In what organ does meiosis take place in humans

A

In sex organs (reproductive organs)

79
Q

What happens during fertilization

A

Gametes (haploid) fuse to from zygote and diploid number is restored

80
Q

Mitosis is most like what

A

Meiosis 2

81
Q

Mitosis vs meiosis

A 
# divisions
Mitosis has 1 meiosis has 2

Results in Mi(2 diploid cell) in Me 4(haploid cell)

Occurs inside: Mi(somatic cell) Me(reproductive cell)

Genetically identical: Mi(yes) Me(No)

When does it occur: Mi(all the time) Me(certain time for reproduction)

Role in body: Mi(repair, cell growth) Me(reproduction)

82
Q

Cancer cells can survive and proliferate elsewhere in body due to

A

Moving to other tissue by vessels know as metastasis

Angiogenesis is new blood vessels growing into the tumor
- give it oxygen- deprive surrounding tissue

83
Q

Genetics

A

Study of patterns of inheritance of trait

84
Q

Mendel studying inheritance of traits through

A

Pea plants

85
Q

Law of segregation

A

Each parent has Two factors (allele) for each trait
-diploid

Factors separate during formation of gamete

Each gamete only contains one factor
-haploid

Fertilization gives new individual two factors for each trait

86
Q

Phenotype

A

What you look like

87
Q

Genotype

A

Alleles carries by chromosome responsible for given trait

88
Q

Dominant allele refers to what

A

Capital letter

Allele that will mask the expression of the recessive trait (lower case letter)

Dominant gene will show the phenotype

89
Q

Breeding of homologous dominant and homologous recessive

PP (purple) x pp (white)

A

F1 (all will have same genotype bc Pp = purple)

F2 will have (3/4) purple (1/4) white
PP, 2Pp, pp

90
Q

Homozygous

A

Two alleles same

91
Q

Heterozygous

A

One dom

One recessive

92
Q

Pressence of freckles

A

Dominant (F) Freckles

Recessive (f) no freckles

93
Q

Mono hybrid cross is what

A

Cross of single gene

94
Q

Heterozygous cross

Ff x Ff

A

Genotypic ratio:

1: 3 homo D 2:2 hetero 1:3 Homo Res
1: 2:1

Phenotypic ratio
3:1 freckles 1:3 none

95
Q

Gentetic different be pure bred and mutt is likely that mitts are

A

Heterozygous for more allele

96
Q

Test cross is a cross of

A

Cross bw dominant phentyoe and recessive phentype to find out genotypes of the one you don’t know

Ex if offspring with recessive is phenotype produced then dom parent must be hetero

97
Q

Dihybrid cross

A

9:3:3:1 phenotypic ratio if heterozygous crosses

Cross of two traits
Ex)brown hair and long fingers

98
Q

Dihybrid cross of heterozygous give phenotypic ratio of

A

9:3:3:1

99
Q

Law of segregation states that what

A

Each gamete gets only one letter (allele) of each kind

100
Q

Law of independent assortment states what?

A

That all combinations of alleles are possible

101
Q

Autosomal recessive disorders are

A

Disorders linked to the recessive gene

If Hr X Hr

Then offspring will be affected

Equal chance for both sex

You have if you are homozygous recessive

Carrier if heterozygous

102
Q

What is cystic fibrosis

A

It is when the chloride ions channel is defective due to a mutation

Causes abnormal thick mucus in bronchiol tubes of pancreatic ducts

This is due to no osmosis being able to be done

103
Q

Autosomal dominant disorders are

A

Causes by the dominant gene

If parents are heterozygous some of the offspring will not have affect

104
Q

Fatal familial insomnia what is it

A

It is a prison disease of the brain

Caused by misfolding of protein

105
Q

Incomplete dominance is what

A

Both traits are co expressed

Ex) curly hair
Flamilial hyper cholesterol emia
Blood
Skin color

106
Q

Blood toys ABO

A

IAi IAIA = A

IBi IBIB = B

IAIB = AB

ii = O

107
Q

Polygenic inheritance is what

A

Is a trait controlled by two or more genes

Dominant genes are additive

Ex) skin color and height

108
Q

How does environment affect gene expression

A

Temperature of eggs of crocodiles determine sex

Temperature affects himilyan rabbit color marking

109
Q

Are freckles a dominant trait

A

Yes

110
Q

BRCA gene

A

Deals with breast cancer

It is a tumor suppressor gene (promotes apoptosis)

111
Q

Flamilial hyper cholesterol emia is What

A

High cholesterol in your blood due to bad receptor proteins bc receptors don’t bring cholesterol from blood for processing

Homozygous dominant normal
Heterozygous get mild
Homozygous recessive get very bad

112
Q

What is Down syndrome?

A

It is caused when you have an extra chromosome in 21

Tis a trisomy on the 21 set

113
Q

As you get older and try to have kids your chances of having a kid with what increases

A

Down syndrome

114
Q

What are sex linked genes

A

Genes that a controlled by the X Y chromosome

115
Q

Most sex linked defects are caused by the What chromosome

A

X

116
Q

What two chromosomes make you female

A

Xx

117
Q

What two chromosomes make you male

A

XY

118
Q

Male humans get there X chromosome from their

A

Mother

119
Q

Most x linked genetic disorders are what for females

A

Recessive

120
Q

Reason makes get the sex links disorder often

A

Makes only have one allele (so whatever is on that allele determines the phenotype

121
Q

What are some examples of x linked recessive disorders

A

Red green colorblindess

Duchenne muscular dystrophy

Hemophilia

122
Q

Change in chromosome number is due to what

A

Nondisjunction

123
Q

What is a trisomy

A

Chromosome is present in 3 copies

124
Q

What is a monosomy

A

Chromosome is present in one copy

125
Q

Which are more tolerable trisomies or monosomies

A

Trisomy

126
Q

Why might girls born with abnormal numbers of X chromosome be able to survive

A

Extra X chromosome turns into a bar body

127
Q

What is Turner syndrome

A

They are females with one X chromosome

128
Q

Triplo x female

A

Have more x

Chromosome about 3

129
Q

What is polyploidy

A

It is when errors in mitosis or meiosis produce species with more Than two chromosome sets

130
Q

Xeroderma pignentosum Xp

A

Genetic disease in which the enzyme that are needed to repair dna damage due to Uv light are defective

POB (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions