POB Exam 2 Flashcards
1
Q
Photosynthesis does what
A
Convert solar energy into chemical energy of a carbohydrate
2
Q
Carbon dioxide enters the leaves through
A
Stomata
3
Q
Filled interior of chloroplast is called
A
Stroma
4
Q
Flattened sacs in chloroplast is what
A
Thylakoids
5
Q
Thylakoids are stacked to form what
A
Grana
6
Q
Chlorophyll and other pigments part of the thylakoid membrane do what
A
Absorb solar energy
7
Q
Chloroplast has a what kind of membrane
A
A double membrane
Outer and inner membrane
8
Q
Photosynthetic equation
A
6CO2 + 6H20 —
9
Q
What are the two set of reactions in photosynthesis
A
Light reactions (dependent of light)
Calvin cycle (independent of light)
10
Q
Electromagnetic spectrum
A
Gamma ray—
11
Q
What are the photosynthetic pigments
A
Chlorophyll a and b
Carotenoids
Each of them absorb a specific wavelength
12
Q
Leaves appear green because what light is reflected
A
Green
All other colors absorbed, reason we see a color is because it is reflected off
13
Q
Light reaction of photosynthesis contains what process
A
Photosystem 2
Electron transport chain
Photosystem 1
14
Q
Where does the light reactions take place
A
Thylakoid membrane
15
Q
Ps2 does what?
A
Pigment complex absorbs solar energy
—>
Energy passes from on pigment to
another until reaching reaction center —>
Electrons energized
(Electron acceptor)
Water is split to replace energized electrons —
16
Q
At the electron transport chain what happens
A
Carries energy from ps2 to ps1
Energy is release to pump hydrogen ions into the thylakoid space forming a gradient
When the ions flow through atp synthase it forms ATP
17
Q
PS1 does what
A
Absorbs solar energy
Low energy ps2 electrons used to replace those lost in ps1
Adjacent to enzyme that reduces NADP+ to NADPH
(Accept electrons from ps2 to do this)
18
Q
Hoover dam = light reaction
A
Reservoir = thylakoid space bc it store something
Rain water (light from sun)
Hills that collect water (Ps2 and ps1)
Water kept inside reservoir - hydrogen ions
Water released that power turbine (atp synthase) energy is formed (atp)
19
Q
Where do plants get their carbon to grow their tissue
A
Inorganic carbon through leaves
20
Q
Calvin cycle purpose is to do what
A
Use co2 to produce carbohydrate for plant
21
Q
Where does the Calvin cycle take place
A
Stroma
23
Q
Calvin cycle has three steps what are they
A
Co2 fixation
Co2 reduction
Regeneration of RuBP
24
Q
Co2 reduction does what
A
It reduces Co2
Co2 becomes CH20
Possible by energy and electrons supplied by ATP and NADPH from light reactions
25
Q
Regeneration of RuBP does what
A
Reforms RuBP by
Going through the cycle 3 times allows G3P exit, which uses 5 of them for 3 cycle
Creating RuBP
26
Why is the Calvin cycle important
G3P ca be used to for many other molecules like
Fatty acid and glycerol for plant oil
Glucose
Fructose
Starch and cellulose
27
Photosynthesis vs cellular respiration
Both use cellular respiration
Mitochondria
Break down glucose
O2 to co2
Only plants do photosynthesis
Chloroplast
Build glucose
Co2 to o2
Both use electron transport chain and chemiosmosis to produce ATP
28
DNA and RNA are polymers of what
Nucleotides
| They are polymers (nucleic acids) of monomers (nucleotides)
29
DNA nucleotides have 4 nitrogenous bases
Adenine
Thymine
Cytosine
Guanine
30
DNA vs RNA
DNA deoxyribonucleic acid
RNA Ribonucleic acid
Uses ribose instead of deoxyribose
Uracil instead of thymine
Single strand
31
Who discovered dna
James Watson and Francis crick worked out 3D structure of DNA based off of Rosalind Franklin
Double helix is dna structure
32
DNA structure
Double helix
Held by hydrogen bond
At
CG
33
DNA replication does what basically
DNA to DNA (identical to parent strand)
It is semi conservative
Old strand makes new strand
DNA helicase
Breaks unzip dna strand
DNA polymerase
Puts new strand of dna together
DNA ligase seal any breaks in sugar phosphate backbone
34
Gene expression is the process
Of using gene sequence to synthesize a protein
35
How many process is inside gene expression
Transcription
Translation
36
Transcription
Take place in nucleus
DNA to RNA
DNA serves as template for mRNA formation
Uses RNA Polymerase to create mRNA
starts transcribing when there is a certain nucleotide sequence called promoter
Terminator tells it to stop transcribing
37
Genetic code
Triplet code - each three nucleotide unit of mRNA molecule is a codon
38
mRNA codons
There are 64 different mRNA Codons
61 code for particular amino acids
Redundant code - codes of some amino acid have numerous code words
Protect against mutation
39
Co2 fixation has what happening
Co2 is attached to 5 carbon RuBP molecule
Happens 3 times
Results in 6Carbon molecule splits into two 3 carbon molecules
Done by RuBP carboxylase (stroma is full of this
40
Translation has 3 parts what are they
Initiation (needs energy)
Elongation (need energy)
Termination
41
Translation: initiation
Brings ribosome components together
Small ribosome sub unit
mRNA
Initiator tRNA (attach to start codon AUG)
Large ribosomal subunit
3 binding site for tRNA
P (peptide) site
A (amino acid) site
E (exit) site
42
Translation: elongation
Process by which polypeptide increases in length
43
Steps in elongation
tRNA approaches A site (A tRNA w attached peptide is at P site)
tRNA binds to A site
Peptide bond forms to attach the new amino acid to the peptide chain
Ribosome moves forward, empty tRNA exits the E site and tRNA carries new amino acid to the ribosome
44
Translation: termination
Termination occurs at the stop codon
Causes formation of 2 ribosomal subunits
45
What are the differences btw introns and Exons
Introns are removed
Exons are used bc they have DNA that can make protein
They are the expressed portion of genes
46
Gene mutations are what
Permanent change in the sequence of bases in dna
47
What causes gene mutations
Error in replication
Mutagens
Transposons
Viruses
48
Error in replication
DNA replication errors are rare for mutation source
Bc DNA polymerase proof reads to catch error
49
Mutagens are what
Environmental influences that can cause mutation
DNA repairs enzyme constantly to monitor and repair
50
Transposons are what
Specific DNA sequences that move within or between chromosomes
(Weird occurrence were they get cut and spliced and out at diff spots)
51
Viruses can do what to cause mutagen
They insert their dna into host chromosome
Can cause HPV - leads to cervical cancer
52
3 type of point mutations are
Substitution
May change specific amino acid (change a nucleotide)
Insertion (frameshift)
Insert nucleotide
Deletion (frameshift)
Delete nucleotide
53
Silent mutation
May have no affect (change amino acid but no affect)
54
Frame shift mutations are what
One or more nucleotide are either inserted into or deleted from dna
Results in new sequence of codons and nonfunctional proteins
55
The inability to breakdown phenylalanine results in what
PKU
Mental impairment
56
The inability to convert tyrosine to melanin results in what causes condition
Albinism
58
Translation is
Occurs in cytoplasm
RNA to protein
Coordinated by ribosomes
Anticodons on the tRNA recognize the appropriate codon on the mRNA
Codes for certain amino acid
59
The stages of the cell cycle are
Interphase
- G1
- S
- G2
Mitotic
- Mitosis
- Cytokinesis
60
The cell cycle deals with what kind of cells and for what reason
Somatic cells (body cells)
For creation of new cells for reproduction
Growth
Repair
Replacement
61
Apoptosis is what
Programmed cell death (to decrease # of cell)
Ex)
- caterpillar to butterfly
- tail of tadpole
- webbing be human finger and toes
- destroy bad cell (prevent cancer)
62
Stages of interphase
G1 (checkpoint)
- cell growth before synthesis of dna
- if dna damaged go to apoptosis or go to G0 such in nerve or muscle cells
S (DNA synthesis)
DNA replication so that each chromosome contain 2 sister chromatids
G2 (checkpoint)
- cell growth
- cell synthesizes proteins for cell division
- if dna damaged go to apoptosis
63
Mitosis does what
Separation of sister chromatids and results into two daughter cells each containing complete identical set of chromosome and
64
Mitosis
Division of nucleus’s that follows interphase
65
Cytokinesis
Division of cytoplasm after mitosis
66
Chromosome numbers
Diploid (2n) cell have two of each number of chromosome
- 46 chromosome (2 pair of 23) = body cell
Haploid (n) cell have half the diploid number of chromosome
- human egg or sperm = 23 (1 pair)
67
If parent cell has a diploid of 14, how many chromosome will each New daughter have after mitosis
14
Bc dna replication produces duplicated chromosomes
Daughter cell same a parent
68
Stages in mitosis
Prophase - centrioles form, chromosome condense, nuclear envelope disappear
Metaphase- Line up at middle, spindle fibers attach to sister chromatids
Anaphase- sister chromatids pull apart
Telephase- nuclear envelope forms, Chromatid to chromatin
Cytokinesis- cleavage furrow, cytoplasm split
PMAT-C
69
What are kinetochores
Group of motor proteins that pull chromosomes along
70
Cytokinesis in animal vs plant
Animal
-splitting of cytoplasm (cleavage furrow)
Plant
- incomplete separation
- form cell plate between
71
What do proto oncogenes do
They are the gas peddle
They promote the cell cycle (prevent apoptosis)
Divide
RAS protein
Promote cell division
Normally must receive signal to initiate
Mutated always initiate
72
What do tumor suppressor genes do
They are brakes
They stop cell cycle
No divide
P53
Transcription factor that controls gene for cell cycle inhibitor
73
What is crossing over and when does it take place
It is the exchange of genetic material between non sister chromatids
It happens during prophase 1 of meiosis 1 (1st thing to happen)
74
What is independent assortment and when does it happen
Homologous pairs line up randomly and they split into non distinct pairs
Occurs at metaphase (line up) and splits at anaphase during meiosis 1
75
Homologous chromosomes are match in
Same length
Same centrosome position
Same gene location
76
Homologous chromosomes separate during what phase of meiosis
Anaphase 1
77
When do sister chromatids spectate in what phase
Anaphase (in mitosis)
Meiosis 2 (anaphase 2)
78
In what organ does meiosis take place in humans
In sex organs (reproductive organs)
79
What happens during fertilization
Gametes (haploid) fuse to from zygote and diploid number is restored
80
Mitosis is most like what
Meiosis 2
81
Mitosis vs meiosis
```
# divisions
Mitosis has 1 meiosis has 2
```
Results in Mi(2 diploid cell) in Me 4(haploid cell)
Occurs inside: Mi(somatic cell) Me(reproductive cell)
Genetically identical: Mi(yes) Me(No)
When does it occur: Mi(all the time) Me(certain time for reproduction)
Role in body: Mi(repair, cell growth) Me(reproduction)
82
Cancer cells can survive and proliferate elsewhere in body due to
Moving to other tissue by vessels know as metastasis
Angiogenesis is new blood vessels growing into the tumor
- give it oxygen- deprive surrounding tissue
83
Genetics
Study of patterns of inheritance of trait
84
Mendel studying inheritance of traits through
Pea plants
85
Law of segregation
Each parent has Two factors (allele) for each trait
-diploid
Factors separate during formation of gamete
Each gamete only contains one factor
-haploid
Fertilization gives new individual two factors for each trait
86
Phenotype
What you look like
87
Genotype
Alleles carries by chromosome responsible for given trait
88
Dominant allele refers to what
Capital letter
Allele that will mask the expression of the recessive trait (lower case letter)
Dominant gene will show the phenotype
89
Breeding of homologous dominant and homologous recessive
PP (purple) x pp (white)
F1 (all will have same genotype bc Pp = purple)
| F2 will have (3/4) purple (1/4) white
PP, 2Pp, pp
90
Homozygous
Two alleles same
91
Heterozygous
One dom
One recessive
92
Pressence of freckles
Dominant (F) Freckles
Recessive (f) no freckles
93
Mono hybrid cross is what
Cross of single gene
94
Heterozygous cross
| Ff x Ff
Genotypic ratio:
1: 3 homo D 2:2 hetero 1:3 Homo Res
1: 2:1
Phenotypic ratio
3:1 freckles 1:3 none
95
Gentetic different be pure bred and mutt is likely that mitts are
Heterozygous for more allele
96
Test cross is a cross of
Cross bw dominant phentyoe and recessive phentype to find out genotypes of the one you don’t know
Ex if offspring with recessive is phenotype produced then dom parent must be hetero
97
Dihybrid cross
9:3:3:1 phenotypic ratio if heterozygous crosses
Cross of two traits
Ex)brown hair and long fingers
98
Dihybrid cross of heterozygous give phenotypic ratio of
9:3:3:1
99
Law of segregation states that what
Each gamete gets only one letter (allele) of each kind
100
Law of independent assortment states what?
That all combinations of alleles are possible
101
Autosomal recessive disorders are
Disorders linked to the recessive gene
If Hr X Hr
Then offspring will be affected
Equal chance for both sex
You have if you are homozygous recessive
Carrier if heterozygous
102
What is cystic fibrosis
It is when the chloride ions channel is defective due to a mutation
Causes abnormal thick mucus in bronchiol tubes of pancreatic ducts
This is due to no osmosis being able to be done
103
Autosomal dominant disorders are
Causes by the dominant gene
If parents are heterozygous some of the offspring will not have affect
104
Fatal familial insomnia what is it
It is a prison disease of the brain
Caused by misfolding of protein
105
Incomplete dominance is what
Both traits are co expressed
Ex) curly hair
Flamilial hyper cholesterol emia
Blood
Skin color
106
Blood toys ABO
IAi IAIA = A
IBi IBIB = B
IAIB = AB
ii = O
107
Polygenic inheritance is what
Is a trait controlled by two or more genes
Dominant genes are additive
Ex) skin color and height
108
How does environment affect gene expression
Temperature of eggs of crocodiles determine sex
Temperature affects himilyan rabbit color marking
109
Are freckles a dominant trait
Yes
110
BRCA gene
Deals with breast cancer
It is a tumor suppressor gene (promotes apoptosis)
111
Flamilial hyper cholesterol emia is What
High cholesterol in your blood due to bad receptor proteins bc receptors don’t bring cholesterol from blood for processing
Homozygous dominant normal
Heterozygous get mild
Homozygous recessive get very bad
112
What is Down syndrome?
It is caused when you have an extra chromosome in 21
Tis a trisomy on the 21 set
113
As you get older and try to have kids your chances of having a kid with what increases
Down syndrome
114
What are sex linked genes
Genes that a controlled by the X Y chromosome
115
Most sex linked defects are caused by the What chromosome
X
116
What two chromosomes make you female
Xx
117
What two chromosomes make you male
XY
118
Male humans get there X chromosome from their
Mother
119
Most x linked genetic disorders are what for females
Recessive
120
Reason makes get the sex links disorder often
Makes only have one allele (so whatever is on that allele determines the phenotype
121
What are some examples of x linked recessive disorders
Red green colorblindess
Duchenne muscular dystrophy
Hemophilia
122
Change in chromosome number is due to what
Nondisjunction
123
What is a trisomy
Chromosome is present in 3 copies
124
What is a monosomy
Chromosome is present in one copy
125
Which are more tolerable trisomies or monosomies
Trisomy
126
Why might girls born with abnormal numbers of X chromosome be able to survive
Extra X chromosome turns into a bar body
127
What is Turner syndrome
They are females with one X chromosome
128
Triplo x female
Have more x
| Chromosome about 3
129
What is polyploidy
It is when errors in mitosis or meiosis produce species with more Than two chromosome sets
130
Xeroderma pignentosum Xp
Genetic disease in which the enzyme that are needed to repair dna damage due to Uv light are defective
