POB Exam 3 Flashcards
Charles Darwin contributed what to the biological evolution
Came up with the first theory (Natural Selection)
Did Darwin invent the concept of evolution?
False no
Lamarck’s theory of evolution was mainly about
Inheritance of acquired characteristics
Ex) if short giraffe stretched neck enough to get food it would get taller
Darwin theory log evolution was mainly about
Evolution by natural selection
Ex) small giraffes could not reach food from tree so they died out leaving giraffes who were tall and could get food to pass there genes down to next generation.
Eventually only tall giraffes
What are the evidence of evolution
Fossil and structure
What are fossils
Remains of traces of the past
How are fossils created
Quick Barisal and accumulation of sediments
After being buried in sediment and hardened rock organic material slowly get washed away
If space remains it is a mold
If silica fills the space is a cast
A dead animal is more likely to become fossilized if
It dies in a river delta with much sediment (by you have to be buried quickly to become a fossil-sedimentation is perfect)
What are transitional forms
Shows form transition
Ex) reduced hind limbs and pelvic bones in Whales which used to have a form of 4 legs (cetaceans)
Vestigial structures are what
Anatomical structure with a function in one group of organism but are reduced and possibly no function in a closely related group
Lost and reduced structure
Ex) appendix and whale hind limbs
Archaea are closely related to what?
Eukaryotes
Both have histones
What are the main characteristic of archaea
-Single cell genome and closed circular DNA molecule
-Plasma membrane
(One single lipid layer w/ branch side chains)
-No nucleus
-prokaryote
-live in extreme environments
What are the three main type of archaea
Halophiles
Thermoacidophiles
Methanogens
What are Halophile archaea
They live in extremely salty environments like the Dead Sea
Thermoacidophiles are what type of archaea
They are kinda that live in extremely hot and acidic environments like Hot springs or underwater thermal vents
What kind of archaea are methanogens
They live in anaerobic environments (no oxygen) for example in animal stomachs (cows)
They use co2 and hydrogen as an energy source
What are some characteristics of bacteria
-They have flagella for locomotion
-Fimbriae for binding on to things (hooks)
-they have a single circular chromosome
They have a peptidoglycan layer that is either thick or thin
When conducting gram stain to classify bacteria what are the colors purple and pink indicate
Purple mean that the bacteria has a thick layer of peptidoglycan
Pink means they have a thin layer of peptidoglycan
Purple is longer than pink so therefore thicker
What are the 3 different types of metabolism in bacteria
Heterotrophs
Chemoautotrophs
Photo autotrophs
What are heterotrophs
They are organisms that must seek food to gain energy
What are chemoautotrophs
They use chemical compounds to get energy
What are photo autotrophs
They use photosynthesis to get energy
Ex) Cyanobacteria (blue green algae)
What are the three bacteria shapes
Rod (bacillus )
Spherical (coccus)
Spiral/helical (spirillus)
What are the 3 types of gene transfer that bacteria perform
Conjugation
Transformation
Transduction
Conjugation is what
Bacteria passing dna by means of a sex pillus
Transformation is what
When bacteria takes up dna from it environment because there are dead bacteria in environment
What is transduction
Viruses carry bacterial dna from one cell to the other
What are some diseases that are cause by bacteria?
Streptococcus Staphylococcus Food poisoning - salmonella Clostridium botulinum
What are the basic characteristics of a virus
They are obligated parasites (they need a host to survive)
They are acellular
They are made up of two parts: capsid (outer shell) and nucleaic acid core of (DNA or RNA)
What are the steps of viral reproduction
Attachment - spike combine w receptor Entry- virus enter cell uncoating occur Replication- many copies made of virus Biosynthesis - bio components synthesis Assembly - build virus new Budding - envelopes and spike of new virus form
What are prions
They are misfolded proteins that cause other proteins to fold as well (they are bad influences)
Examples of prions include
Scrapie -sheep Mad cow disease (bovine spongiform encephalopathy) -cow Creutzfeld Jacob disease -human Fatal familial insomnia -human Chronic wasting disease -dear
What is a homologous structure
Characteristic with underlying similarity but different function
Evolved from same creature different function
Ex) human hand and whale flipper
What is an analogous structure
Similarity of characteristic resulting from separately evolved structures that have similar function
Separate evolution same function
Ex) human eye and octopus eye
What does biochemical homologies refer to regarding to evolution
All organisms share many characteristics on a molecular level
Ex: all life has dna or rna, genetic code,
Early stages of development in different animal species not visible in adults show what
Ex) embryos of animals
Evidence for evolution
The wing of a bee and a wing of a bird is what kind of structure ( homologous or analogous)
Analogous
What is artificial selection
It is a type of human directed evolution
That increases frequency of desired traits
Ex$ breeding dogs and guppies
What is micro evolution
A change of allele frequency in a population over time
Ex peppered moths
Black populations then industrial revolution and white populations flourished
Do individuals evolve
No,
populations evolve individuals don’t
What is a gene pool
Sum of total of all alleles of all genes in a population
What is hardy Weinberg equilibrium
No evolution is occurring - Allele frequency doesn’t change
No mutation No genetic drift No gene flow Random mating No selection
What are the mechanisms of evolution
Mutations Genetic drift Gene flow Non random mating Natural selection
What is a mutation
New mutation causes allele frequency in a population to change
Only source of new alleles in population
What is genetic drift
[Chance events that can cause allele frequency to fluctuate ]unpredictably from on generation to the next
Smaller pop get effected more
Has bottleneck effect and founder effect
What is the bottle neck effect
Catastrophy kills large number of individuals leaving small surviving population
Leads loss of genetic diversity
Ex) prairie chickens
Populations down to loss of habitat
Low reproduction due to low genetic diversity (fragile shell)
What is the founder effect
A few individuals colonize a new habitat
Group of colonist likely less genetically diverse than original population
Ex) polydactylly in old order Amish in Lancaster Pennsylvania
Gene flow is what
Movement of alleles between populations
Mixes genetic diversity
Keeps gene pools of two or more populations similar
Non random mating
Occurs when individuals are selective about choosing a mate
Random mating usually doesn’t occur bc reproducing organism choose mate based on trait
Natural selection
Heritable variations
And
Over reproduction
Hereditary trait provides an organism with an advantage over those without trait, holder of trait may have a greater fitness level
How is fitness measured
Amount of viable offspring an organisms has
Contribute to fitness level
What are the 3 types of natural selection
Stabilizing
Directional
Disruptive
What is stabilizing selection
Extreme phenotypes are selected agains
Individuals near the average phenotypes are favored
Ex: small and big babies are bad but average size is good
Directional selection is what
One extreme phenotype is favored
Ex) small horse ancestor becoming big horse
Disruptive selection is What
Two or more extreme phenotypes are selected for (or against)
Ex) two diff habitats results into diff phenotype in population
Snails with diff shade of shell
One allele is always more fit than another allel no matter what environment
T OR F
False
What is the heterozygous advantage of sickles cell anemia
If you have homozygous for sickle cell disease you can die (bad)
If you are heterozygous (you get sickle cell at low oxygen but you are protected against malaria) (neutral)
You have no health affect (good but can get malaria)
What is macroevolution
Evolution involving speciation and divergence of life into all it form
What is speciation
Two different populations of a single species evolve into separate species
What is the biological species concept
A group of organisms capable of interbreeding and reproductively isolated from other organisms
What are the prezygotic isolating mechanisms
Habitat isolation (live in different places) Temporal isolation (breed at diff times) Behavioral isolation (diff courtship rituals) Mechanical isolation (sex organ not compatible) Gametic isolation ( gametes not compatible)
Post zygote isolating mechanisms
Sterile hybrids and reduced hybrid fertility
Mules can’t have babies
Which mechanism of evolution must not be present during speciation
Gene flow
Allopathic speciation is what
Geographical barriers separate a population into two diff species
Ex) salamanders in Cali
Sympatric speciation is what
Speciation occurs I same region
Ex) snail
What is adaptive radiation
Proliferation of a species by adaption to different ways of life
Ex) Galapagos finches
What is systematics biology
Study of evolution history of biodiversity
What is taxonomy and taxon
Identifying naming and classify organism
Taxon is group of organisms that share a set of traits
Phylogenetically is what
Studies the evolutionary relatedness of group of organisms
What did the Louis Pasteur experiment of spontaneous generation figure out
Disproved the idea of spontaneous life formation by using a regular test tube and one with a goose neck
What are the steps in microbial life
Organic monomers
Organic polymers
Protobionts
Living cell
What is the Oparin and Haldane hypothesis
Life comes from small inorganic molecules to form organic monomers
What is the miller Urey experiment
Try to test out the Oparin and half and hypothesis (by using inorganic materials heated up inside test tubes to create organic monomers)
Many bacteria have what that creates antibiotic resistant
Plasmids
Bacteria reproduce by what
Asexual binary fission
Bacterial diseases
Streptococcus infections (most common)
Staphylococcus
Food poisoning
Streptococcus infections include what
- Pharyngitis (strep throat)
- Impetigo (in infants-mild skin disease)
- Scarlet fever (red rash)
- Rheumatic fever (auto immune infection cause by untreated strep throat)
Staphylococcus aureus
20% are carriers
Skin infection
MRSA (resistant to methicillin)
Food poisoning
Two types:
Clostridium botulinum- immediate infection from canned foods
Salmonella - causes symptoms after several days (slow)
Antibiotics do what to bacteria
Inhibit protein synthesis and cell wall biosynthesis
Problems with antibiotic treatment
Allergic reaction
Kill of good bacteria (normal flora)
Bacteria resistance
What is the rhinovirus
It is the common cold
What is influenza virus
It is the flu
What is antigenic drift
Evolution of virus by mutation
What is antigenic shift
New virus is created by combination of two different viruses
Ex) two diff virus infect same cell and exchange spike gene
Reasortment of virus - animal mixes with human viruses
Do protist have a nucleus
Yes
Protist are eukaryotes that are
Not plants animal or fungi
Do protist have sex and meiosis
Yes
All eukaryotes have what
Mitochondria
What are autotrophs protist
Produce food by photosynthesis
Ex algae
What are heterotrophs protist
Eat bacteria an other protist
Protozoans
Heterotrophs parasitic
Derive nutrients from host which is harmed by interaction
What are mixotrophs protist
They used photosynthetic and heterotrophy
Do green algae have sex
Yes
Archaeplastids are what
The ancient chloroplast (origin of chloroplast)
What is a charophyte
Green algae
Ex) spirogyra
What is a spirogyra
Filmentous green algae
W/ ribbon like chloroplast
Sexual reproduction by conjugation
Cell wall connects with tube and haploid cell fuse
Chromalveolates are what
Very large group of protistans
Include: Dinoflagellates Ciliates Brown algae Diatoms
What are diatoms
They are unicellular
Autotrophs
That live in fresh and marine environments
That have a cell wall made of silica (glassy)
Brown algae are what
Multicellular autotrophs
That live one marine environment
Ex) Include kelp (brown because of pigments)
Primary producers for diverse and productive community
Ciliates are what
Unicellular are heterotrophs
Use Cillia for movement and to sweep food up into mouths
Ex) Paramecium
Dinoflagellates are what
Unicellular autotrophs but have some heterotrophs
Live in marine environment
Bioluminescent when agitated (glow oceans )
Cause of red tide (create neurontoxins)
What are excavates: euglena
Uni cellular mixotrophs that live in fresh water
They have flagella w/ eye spots (detect light) and excavate to feed (feeding groove)
Amoebozoans include
Amoeboids
Plasmodial slime molds
Amoeboids
Live in fresh water
Pseudopodia to move around
Eats things by phagocytosis by engulfing things
Plasmodial slime molds
Unicellular heterotrophs that eats dead things
Multi nucleus
Spores release amoebae
Phagocytosis to I jest food
Slim mold life cycle
Diploid multinucleate plasmodium
Plasmodium developers many sporangia During unfavorable condition
Spores survive until moist and able to germinate
Spite release haploid amoebae
Haploid amoebae eat decomposes and reproduce or act as gametes and fuse
Opisthokonts: Fungi include what
Sac fungi and club fungi
Sac fungi
Ascocarp - cup like sexual reproductive structure
Asexual spores produced by conidia
Ex) yeast and cup fungi
Club fungi
Sexual reproductive structure called basidium
Contained within basidocarp
Ex) mushroom, shelf fungi, giant puff ball
Lichens are what
Association bw fungi and Cyanobacteria or green algae
Can colonize on rocks
Primary colonizers
Mycorrhizae are what
Mutualistic relationship with plant roots
Allow plant to grow better
Land plants are part of what group
Archaeplastids
Evolutionary history of plants
Land plants - evolved from green algae
First appeared 450 million years
Adv: Moved to land because more sunlight and fewer herbivore initially
Dis: gametes and zygotes and embryos must be kept moist
Need water throughout body
Five major evolutionary events for plants
Development of embryo protection Vascular tissue Megaphylls (large leaves) Seeds Flowers
Plants have life cycle with alternate generations? What mean?
Two multicellular individuals alternate beach producing the other
-sporophyte (diploid) produce spore by meiosis
-gametophyte (haploid) produce gamete by mitosis
Sperm and egg fuse forming diploid zygote
In land meiosis leads directly to a gamete
False
What has changed as plants adapted to land as time goes on
The size of gametophte has decreased
The size of sporophyte has increase
What is an example of a non vascular plant
Mosses
Characteristic of mosses
-No vasc tissues & seeds
-Live in moist environments
-Gametophyte generation is dominant (main growing stage does photosynthesis)
-flagellated sperm
-sporophyte relies on parent plant
Spores realessed from capsule grow into new gametophyte
Seedless vascular plants: what are vascular plants
Plants that have true roots, stems and leaves
Roots do what
Anchor and absorbed water and nutrient from soil
Stems do what
Provide structure for plant and conduct water to the leaves
What do leaves do
Allow exchange of gasses and regulates water evaporation
What are two groups of seedless vascular plants and what is the dominant generation (sporophyte or gametophyte)
Lycophytes and ferns and their relatives
Sporophyte is the dominant generation
Ferns
Seedless vascular plant Sporophyte dominant Fronds (the leaves) grow from horizontal stem - often compounded with leaflets Spores are found under fronds -fiddle heads often are edible
Lycophytes
Also known as club mosses
Among 1st plants with vascular tissue
Well-developed roots, stems and leaves
-sends up upright stems
-small leave called microphylls with single vein
- sporangia are brine in terminal clusters of leaves
Fern seeds form in the bottom of fronds of leaves (true or false)
False, spores form under the fronds
Seedless vascular plants dominant what period
Carboniferous period
What are the two seed plants that are the most plentiful plants today?
How do they differ
Gymnosperms and angiosperms
They differ by
Gymnosperms have only seeds
Angiosperms have seed and flowers
What does a seed coat contain?
It contains an embryo and stored food
so that the embryo can survive long periods of dormancy
What does pollination mean
Pollen grains are carried to female part of plants containing ovules
What is an ovule
The egg and surrounding supportive tissue
What happens during fertilization
Pollen grows a pollen tube to the egg and deposits sperm cells
Ovule matures into a seed
What are examples of gymnosperms
Conifers and ginkgoes
Pine tree
Where are the ovules located on gymnosperms
Located on surface of cones
What are conifers (the best known gymnosperms)
They are adapted to cold dry weather
Have needle like leaves
Pollen cones and seed cones
Used for paper and wood
Basically a Christmas tree
What are ginkgoes
They are gymnosperms
Ginkgo biloba (only surviving species)
Female tree produce bad smell seed
Male tree used for ornamental plant
Resistant to disease and pollution
What are angiosperms
Plants with flowers and fruit
Explain the growth is seed in angiosperm
Seeds develop from an ovule within an ovary (the vessel)
Ovary becomes the fruit
Produces covered seeds (not naked)
What are the structures of a flower
Receptacle (stalk that bears flower) Sepal (calyx) green part on bottom Petals (corolla) modifies leave color Stamens (male part of flower) Carpel (pistil) female part of flower
What is the receptacle of a flower
It is the stalk the bears and holds the flowers
What is the sepal or calyx
The Green leaves at the base of the flower that also protect the bud
Petals (corolla) what are they
Modified leaves that are color full and attract pollinators
What are the stamen of the flower and what makes it up
It is the male reproductive part of the flower
Consist of the
Anther- pollen production
Filament - the stalk
What is the carpel (pistil) on the flower
It is the female reproductive structure
It consist of a
stigma (at top)- for pollen
Style- elevate stigma (the stalk)
Ovary- ovule production and containment (become fruit)
What part of the flower becomes the fruit
Ovary which holds the ovule becomes the fruit
