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POB > POB Exam 3 > Flashcards

POB Exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Charles Darwin contributed what to the biological evolution

A

Came up with the first theory (Natural Selection)

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2
Q

Did Darwin invent the concept of evolution?

A

False no

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3
Q

Lamarck’s theory of evolution was mainly about

A

Inheritance of acquired characteristics

Ex) if short giraffe stretched neck enough to get food it would get taller

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4
Q

Darwin theory log evolution was mainly about

A

Evolution by natural selection

Ex) small giraffes could not reach food from tree so they died out leaving giraffes who were tall and could get food to pass there genes down to next generation.
Eventually only tall giraffes

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5
Q

What are the evidence of evolution

A

Fossil and structure

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6
Q

What are fossils

A

Remains of traces of the past

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7
Q

How are fossils created

A

Quick Barisal and accumulation of sediments
After being buried in sediment and hardened rock organic material slowly get washed away

If space remains it is a mold

If silica fills the space is a cast

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8
Q

A dead animal is more likely to become fossilized if

A

It dies in a river delta with much sediment (by you have to be buried quickly to become a fossil-sedimentation is perfect)

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9
Q

What are transitional forms

A

Shows form transition

Ex) reduced hind limbs and pelvic bones in Whales which used to have a form of 4 legs (cetaceans)

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10
Q

Vestigial structures are what

A

Anatomical structure with a function in one group of organism but are reduced and possibly no function in a closely related group

Lost and reduced structure
Ex) appendix and whale hind limbs

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11
Q

Archaea are closely related to what?

A

Eukaryotes

Both have histones

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12
Q

What are the main characteristic of archaea

A

-Single cell genome and closed circular DNA molecule
-Plasma membrane
(One single lipid layer w/ branch side chains)
-No nucleus
-prokaryote
-live in extreme environments

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13
Q

What are the three main type of archaea

A

Halophiles

Thermoacidophiles

Methanogens

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14
Q

What are Halophile archaea

A

They live in extremely salty environments like the Dead Sea

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15
Q

Thermoacidophiles are what type of archaea

A

They are kinda that live in extremely hot and acidic environments like Hot springs or underwater thermal vents

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16
Q

What kind of archaea are methanogens

A

They live in anaerobic environments (no oxygen) for example in animal stomachs (cows)

They use co2 and hydrogen as an energy source

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17
Q

What are some characteristics of bacteria

A

-They have flagella for locomotion
-Fimbriae for binding on to things (hooks)
-they have a single circular chromosome
They have a peptidoglycan layer that is either thick or thin

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18
Q

When conducting gram stain to classify bacteria what are the colors purple and pink indicate

A

Purple mean that the bacteria has a thick layer of peptidoglycan

Pink means they have a thin layer of peptidoglycan

Purple is longer than pink so therefore thicker

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19
Q

What are the 3 different types of metabolism in bacteria

A

Heterotrophs

Chemoautotrophs

Photo autotrophs

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20
Q

What are heterotrophs

A

They are organisms that must seek food to gain energy

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21
Q

What are chemoautotrophs

A

They use chemical compounds to get energy

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22
Q

What are photo autotrophs

A

They use photosynthesis to get energy

Ex) Cyanobacteria (blue green algae)

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23
Q

What are the three bacteria shapes

A

Rod (bacillus )
Spherical (coccus)
Spiral/helical (spirillus)

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24
Q

What are the 3 types of gene transfer that bacteria perform

A

Conjugation

Transformation

Transduction

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25
Q

Conjugation is what

A

Bacteria passing dna by means of a sex pillus

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26
Q

Transformation is what

A

When bacteria takes up dna from it environment because there are dead bacteria in environment

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27
Q

What is transduction

A

Viruses carry bacterial dna from one cell to the other

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28
Q

What are some diseases that are cause by bacteria?

A 
Streptococcus 
Staphylococcus 
Food poisoning 
- salmonella 
Clostridium botulinum
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29
Q

What are the basic characteristics of a virus

A

They are obligated parasites (they need a host to survive)
They are acellular
They are made up of two parts: capsid (outer shell) and nucleaic acid core of (DNA or RNA)

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30
Q

What are the steps of viral reproduction

A 
Attachment - spike combine w receptor
Entry- virus enter cell uncoating occur
Replication- many copies made of virus 
Biosynthesis - bio components synthesis 
Assembly - build virus new 
Budding - envelopes and spike of new virus form
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31
Q

What are prions

A

They are misfolded proteins that cause other proteins to fold as well (they are bad influences)

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32
Q

Examples of prions include

A 
Scrapie -sheep
Mad cow disease (bovine spongiform encephalopathy) -cow
Creutzfeld Jacob disease -human
Fatal familial insomnia -human
Chronic wasting disease -dear
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33
Q

What is a homologous structure

A

Characteristic with underlying similarity but different function
Evolved from same creature different function

Ex) human hand and whale flipper

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34
Q

What is an analogous structure

A

Similarity of characteristic resulting from separately evolved structures that have similar function

Separate evolution same function

Ex) human eye and octopus eye

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35
Q

What does biochemical homologies refer to regarding to evolution

A

All organisms share many characteristics on a molecular level

Ex: all life has dna or rna, genetic code,

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36
Q

Early stages of development in different animal species not visible in adults show what

Ex) embryos of animals

A

Evidence for evolution

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37
Q

The wing of a bee and a wing of a bird is what kind of structure ( homologous or analogous)

A

Analogous

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38
Q

What is artificial selection

A

It is a type of human directed evolution
That increases frequency of desired traits

Ex$ breeding dogs and guppies

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39
Q

What is micro evolution

A

A change of allele frequency in a population over time

Ex peppered moths
Black populations then industrial revolution and white populations flourished

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40
Q

Do individuals evolve

A

No,

populations evolve individuals don’t

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41
Q

What is a gene pool

A

Sum of total of all alleles of all genes in a population

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42
Q

What is hardy Weinberg equilibrium

A

No evolution is occurring - Allele frequency doesn’t change

No mutation 
No genetic drift
No gene flow
Random mating 
No selection
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43
Q

What are the mechanisms of evolution

A 
Mutations 
Genetic drift 
Gene flow
Non random mating 
Natural selection
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44
Q

What is a mutation

A

New mutation causes allele frequency in a population to change
Only source of new alleles in population

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45
Q

What is genetic drift

A

[Chance events that can cause allele frequency to fluctuate ]unpredictably from on generation to the next

Smaller pop get effected more

Has bottleneck effect and founder effect

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46
Q

What is the bottle neck effect

A

Catastrophy kills large number of individuals leaving small surviving population

Leads loss of genetic diversity

Ex) prairie chickens
Populations down to loss of habitat
Low reproduction due to low genetic diversity (fragile shell)

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47
Q

What is the founder effect

A

A few individuals colonize a new habitat
Group of colonist likely less genetically diverse than original population

Ex) polydactylly in old order Amish in Lancaster Pennsylvania

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48
Q

Gene flow is what

A

Movement of alleles between populations

Mixes genetic diversity
Keeps gene pools of two or more populations similar

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49
Q

Non random mating

A

Occurs when individuals are selective about choosing a mate

Random mating usually doesn’t occur bc reproducing organism choose mate based on trait

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50
Q

Natural selection

A

Heritable variations
And
Over reproduction

Hereditary trait provides an organism with an advantage over those without trait, holder of trait may have a greater fitness level

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51
Q

How is fitness measured

A

Amount of viable offspring an organisms has

Contribute to fitness level

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52
Q

What are the 3 types of natural selection

A

Stabilizing
Directional
Disruptive

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53
Q

What is stabilizing selection

A

Extreme phenotypes are selected agains
Individuals near the average phenotypes are favored

Ex: small and big babies are bad but average size is good

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54
Q

Directional selection is what

A

One extreme phenotype is favored

Ex) small horse ancestor becoming big horse

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55
Q

Disruptive selection is What

A

Two or more extreme phenotypes are selected for (or against)

Ex) two diff habitats results into diff phenotype in population
Snails with diff shade of shell

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56
Q

One allele is always more fit than another allel no matter what environment
T OR F

A

False

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57
Q

What is the heterozygous advantage of sickles cell anemia

A

If you have homozygous for sickle cell disease you can die (bad)

If you are heterozygous (you get sickle cell at low oxygen but you are protected against malaria) (neutral)

You have no health affect (good but can get malaria)

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58
Q

What is macroevolution

A

Evolution involving speciation and divergence of life into all it form

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59
Q

What is speciation

A

Two different populations of a single species evolve into separate species

60
Q

What is the biological species concept

A

A group of organisms capable of interbreeding and reproductively isolated from other organisms

61
Q

What are the prezygotic isolating mechanisms

A 
Habitat isolation (live in different places)
Temporal isolation (breed at diff times)
Behavioral isolation (diff courtship rituals)
Mechanical isolation (sex organ not compatible)
Gametic isolation ( gametes not compatible)
62
Q

Post zygote isolating mechanisms

A

Sterile hybrids and reduced hybrid fertility

Mules can’t have babies

63
Q

Which mechanism of evolution must not be present during speciation

A

Gene flow

64
Q

Allopathic speciation is what

A

Geographical barriers separate a population into two diff species

Ex) salamanders in Cali

65
Q

Sympatric speciation is what

A

Speciation occurs I same region

Ex) snail

66
Q

What is adaptive radiation

A

Proliferation of a species by adaption to different ways of life

Ex) Galapagos finches

67
Q

What is systematics biology

A

Study of evolution history of biodiversity

68
Q

What is taxonomy and taxon

A

Identifying naming and classify organism

Taxon is group of organisms that share a set of traits

69
Q

Phylogenetically is what

A

Studies the evolutionary relatedness of group of organisms

70
Q

What did the Louis Pasteur experiment of spontaneous generation figure out

A

Disproved the idea of spontaneous life formation by using a regular test tube and one with a goose neck

71
Q

What are the steps in microbial life

A

Organic monomers
Organic polymers
Protobionts
Living cell

72
Q

What is the Oparin and Haldane hypothesis

A

Life comes from small inorganic molecules to form organic monomers

73
Q

What is the miller Urey experiment

A

Try to test out the Oparin and half and hypothesis (by using inorganic materials heated up inside test tubes to create organic monomers)

74
Q

Many bacteria have what that creates antibiotic resistant

A

Plasmids

75
Q

Bacteria reproduce by what

A

Asexual binary fission

76
Q

Bacterial diseases

A

Streptococcus infections (most common)

Staphylococcus

Food poisoning

77
Q

Streptococcus infections include what

A
  • Pharyngitis (strep throat)
  • Impetigo (in infants-mild skin disease)
  • Scarlet fever (red rash)
  • Rheumatic fever (auto immune infection cause by untreated strep throat)
78
Q

Staphylococcus aureus

A

20% are carriers
Skin infection
MRSA (resistant to methicillin)

79
Q

Food poisoning

A

Two types:
Clostridium botulinum- immediate infection from canned foods

Salmonella - causes symptoms after several days (slow)

80
Q

Antibiotics do what to bacteria

A

Inhibit protein synthesis and cell wall biosynthesis

81
Q

Problems with antibiotic treatment

A

Allergic reaction
Kill of good bacteria (normal flora)
Bacteria resistance

82
Q

What is the rhinovirus

A

It is the common cold

83
Q

What is influenza virus

A

It is the flu

84
Q

What is antigenic drift

A

Evolution of virus by mutation

85
Q

What is antigenic shift

A

New virus is created by combination of two different viruses

Ex) two diff virus infect same cell and exchange spike gene

Reasortment of virus - animal mixes with human viruses

86
Q

Do protist have a nucleus

A

Yes

87
Q

Protist are eukaryotes that are

A

Not plants animal or fungi

88
Q

Do protist have sex and meiosis

A

Yes

89
Q

All eukaryotes have what

A

Mitochondria

90
Q

What are autotrophs protist

A

Produce food by photosynthesis

Ex algae

91
Q

What are heterotrophs protist

A

Eat bacteria an other protist

Protozoans

92
Q

Heterotrophs parasitic

A

Derive nutrients from host which is harmed by interaction

93
Q

What are mixotrophs protist

A

They used photosynthetic and heterotrophy

94
Q

Do green algae have sex

A

Yes

95
Q

Archaeplastids are what

A

The ancient chloroplast (origin of chloroplast)

96
Q

What is a charophyte

A

Green algae

Ex) spirogyra

97
Q

What is a spirogyra

A

Filmentous green algae
W/ ribbon like chloroplast

Sexual reproduction by conjugation
Cell wall connects with tube and haploid cell fuse

98
Q

Chromalveolates are what

A

Very large group of protistans

Include:
Dinoflagellates 
Ciliates 
Brown algae 
Diatoms
99
Q

What are diatoms

A

They are unicellular
Autotrophs
That live in fresh and marine environments
That have a cell wall made of silica (glassy)

100
Q

Brown algae are what

A

Multicellular autotrophs
That live one marine environment
Ex) Include kelp (brown because of pigments)

Primary producers for diverse and productive community

101
Q

Ciliates are what

A

Unicellular are heterotrophs
Use Cillia for movement and to sweep food up into mouths

Ex) Paramecium

102
Q

Dinoflagellates are what

A

Unicellular autotrophs but have some heterotrophs

Live in marine environment

Bioluminescent when agitated (glow oceans )

Cause of red tide (create neurontoxins)

103
Q

What are excavates: euglena

A

Uni cellular mixotrophs that live in fresh water

They have flagella w/ eye spots (detect light) and excavate to feed (feeding groove)

104
Q

Amoebozoans include

A

Amoeboids

Plasmodial slime molds

105
Q

Amoeboids

A

Live in fresh water

Pseudopodia to move around

Eats things by phagocytosis by engulfing things

106
Q

Plasmodial slime molds

A

Unicellular heterotrophs that eats dead things
Multi nucleus
Spores release amoebae
Phagocytosis to I jest food

107
Q

Slim mold life cycle

A

Diploid multinucleate plasmodium
Plasmodium developers many sporangia During unfavorable condition
Spores survive until moist and able to germinate
Spite release haploid amoebae
Haploid amoebae eat decomposes and reproduce or act as gametes and fuse

108
Q

Opisthokonts: Fungi include what

A

Sac fungi and club fungi

109
Q

Sac fungi

A

Ascocarp - cup like sexual reproductive structure
Asexual spores produced by conidia

Ex) yeast and cup fungi

110
Q

Club fungi

A

Sexual reproductive structure called basidium

Contained within basidocarp

Ex) mushroom, shelf fungi, giant puff ball

111
Q

Lichens are what

A

Association bw fungi and Cyanobacteria or green algae

Can colonize on rocks
Primary colonizers

112
Q

Mycorrhizae are what

A

Mutualistic relationship with plant roots

Allow plant to grow better

113
Q

Land plants are part of what group

A

Archaeplastids

114
Q

Evolutionary history of plants

A

Land plants - evolved from green algae
First appeared 450 million years

Adv: Moved to land because more sunlight and fewer herbivore initially

Dis: gametes and zygotes and embryos must be kept moist
Need water throughout body

115
Q

Five major evolutionary events for plants

A 
Development of embryo protection 
Vascular tissue 
Megaphylls (large leaves)
Seeds 
Flowers
116
Q

Plants have life cycle with alternate generations? What mean?

A

Two multicellular individuals alternate beach producing the other

-sporophyte (diploid) produce spore by meiosis

-gametophyte (haploid) produce gamete by mitosis
Sperm and egg fuse forming diploid zygote

117
Q

In land meiosis leads directly to a gamete

A

False

118
Q

What has changed as plants adapted to land as time goes on

A

The size of gametophte has decreased

The size of sporophyte has increase

119
Q

What is an example of a non vascular plant

A

Mosses

120
Q

Characteristic of mosses

A

-No vasc tissues & seeds
-Live in moist environments
-Gametophyte generation is dominant (main growing stage does photosynthesis)
-flagellated sperm
-sporophyte relies on parent plant
Spores realessed from capsule grow into new gametophyte

121
Q

Seedless vascular plants: what are vascular plants

A

Plants that have true roots, stems and leaves

122
Q

Roots do what

A

Anchor and absorbed water and nutrient from soil

123
Q

Stems do what

A

Provide structure for plant and conduct water to the leaves

124
Q

What do leaves do

A

Allow exchange of gasses and regulates water evaporation

125
Q

What are two groups of seedless vascular plants and what is the dominant generation (sporophyte or gametophyte)

A

Lycophytes and ferns and their relatives

Sporophyte is the dominant generation

126
Q

Ferns

A 
Seedless vascular plant 
Sporophyte dominant 
Fronds (the leaves) grow from horizontal stem
- often compounded with leaflets
Spores are found under fronds 
-fiddle heads often are edible
127
Q

Lycophytes

A

Also known as club mosses

Among 1st plants with vascular tissue
Well-developed roots, stems and leaves
-sends up upright stems
-small leave called microphylls with single vein
- sporangia are brine in terminal clusters of leaves

128
Q

Fern seeds form in the bottom of fronds of leaves (true or false)

A

False, spores form under the fronds

129
Q

Seedless vascular plants dominant what period

A

Carboniferous period

130
Q

What are the two seed plants that are the most plentiful plants today?
How do they differ

A

Gymnosperms and angiosperms

They differ by
Gymnosperms have only seeds
Angiosperms have seed and flowers

131
Q

What does a seed coat contain?

A

It contains an embryo and stored food

so that the embryo can survive long periods of dormancy

132
Q

What does pollination mean

A

Pollen grains are carried to female part of plants containing ovules

133
Q

What is an ovule

A

The egg and surrounding supportive tissue

134
Q

What happens during fertilization

A

Pollen grows a pollen tube to the egg and deposits sperm cells

Ovule matures into a seed

135
Q

What are examples of gymnosperms

A

Conifers and ginkgoes

Pine tree

136
Q

Where are the ovules located on gymnosperms

A

Located on surface of cones

137
Q

What are conifers (the best known gymnosperms)

A

They are adapted to cold dry weather
Have needle like leaves
Pollen cones and seed cones

Used for paper and wood

Basically a Christmas tree

138
Q

What are ginkgoes

A

They are gymnosperms
Ginkgo biloba (only surviving species)
Female tree produce bad smell seed
Male tree used for ornamental plant

Resistant to disease and pollution

139
Q

What are angiosperms

A

Plants with flowers and fruit

140
Q

Explain the growth is seed in angiosperm

A

Seeds develop from an ovule within an ovary (the vessel)

Ovary becomes the fruit

Produces covered seeds (not naked)

141
Q

What are the structures of a flower

A 
Receptacle (stalk that bears flower)
Sepal (calyx) green part on bottom 
Petals (corolla) modifies leave color
Stamens (male part of flower)
Carpel (pistil) female part of flower
142
Q

What is the receptacle of a flower

A

It is the stalk the bears and holds the flowers

143
Q

What is the sepal or calyx

A

The Green leaves at the base of the flower that also protect the bud

144
Q

Petals (corolla) what are they

A

Modified leaves that are color full and attract pollinators

145
Q

What are the stamen of the flower and what makes it up

A

It is the male reproductive part of the flower

Consist of the
Anther- pollen production
Filament - the stalk

146
Q

What is the carpel (pistil) on the flower

A

It is the female reproductive structure

It consist of a
stigma (at top)- for pollen
Style- elevate stigma (the stalk)
Ovary- ovule production and containment (become fruit)

147
Q

What part of the flower becomes the fruit

A

Ovary which holds the ovule becomes the fruit

POB (4 decks)

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