PO1O1 Flashcards
Understand and connect
Inductive Reasoning
Starts from a specific observation and move to a more general idea
Deductive Reasoning
Starts with a general idea and test it with a specific example and create a theory to see its success in the future
Normative Argumentation
Discussing how things ‘should’ be based on personal values and opinions
Empirical Reasoning
Analyzing how things actually are based on data. and observations
Theories
Theories are an explanation of a general phenomenon or explanations on why things are the way they are , includes economic, political and cultural
Characteristic of Theories
Concise : Clear and direct
Coherent : Consist and make sense
Systematic : Well organized and structured
Predictive : can forecast outcomes
Broadly applicable : Should apply to multiple situations
Dependant variable
The outcome you want to explain and the effect or outcome is based on the IV
Independent variable
The factor you think affects the outcome
Export Control
when one country sends military items to another place With restrictions
Mills Method
Mill’s Methods are a set of logical tools developed by John Stuart Mill to identify causes and effects. They are used in political science to analyze and compare cases, aiming to determine why certain political phenomena occur.
Types of Method
Method of Agreement:
Method of Difference
Joint Method
Method of Residues
Concomitant Variation:
Method of Agreement:
Identifies a common factor in all cases with a specific outcome.
Method of Difference
Compares cases with and without an outcome to find a unique cause.
Joint Method
Agreement and Difference to strengthen conclusions.
Method of Residues
Identifies the remaining causes by eliminating those that are already known.
Concomitant Variation:
Looks for patterns where changes in one variable are linked to changes in another.
Institutions
Structure that shapes political, economical and social behaviour
What was Douglass north take on institutions ?
defined institutions as a humanly devised constraints
Satori’s ladder of abstraction
We can organize conception the basis of their specificity and generality
Comparative politics
subfield of political science that aims to analyze multiple cases using a comparative method
Correlation
The association between 2 variable and the link between them
Causation
When something effect or make something happen
Democracy
Rule of the people from voting includes participants from second and third generation of human rights
Voter turn out
percentage of eligible voters who took part in election
Procedural definitions
focus on how processes, institutions, or mechanisms operate, rather than on their outcomes or the values they uphold. These definitions emphasize how something is done, not necessarily what it achieves.
Minimalistic definition
basic criteria for political entity to be democratic
Benevolent dictatorship
Authoritarian rule with some civil liberties
Liberal Democracy
allows political liberties and democratic rules comprimise
What causes democracy
individual perspective fostered by a combination of economic, social and political factors
Democracy Waves
Samuel P. Huntington in his book The Third Wave: Democratization in the Late Twentieth Century (1991). A wave of democracy refers to a historical period in which many countries transition from authoritarian regimes to democratic forms of government.
What causes Democracy waves
Cyclical
Second-try
Interrupted Democracy
Direct transition
Decolonization
Cyclical
Same receptive cyclical between democratic and authoritarian system
Second-Try
A second try at democratic system after failure
Interrupted Democracy
Democracy system on pause due to suspension
Direct Transition
Smooth switch from authoritarian to democratic
Decolonization
Democratic emergence following colonial independence
Where does democratization come from
From middle class expectations ,increased economic complexity
Democracy can be influenced By
Delegative democracies
a hybrid form that is democratic but involves election
Competitive Authoritarins
A form of government or regime that allows some political competition
Challenges in democratic transitions
previous regimes human rights balancing justice with reconciliation
Military role in transitions
potential military intervention to civilian leadership ensuring military neutrality
Stabilize new democracy
strengthen society promote transparent government
Key aspects of Authoritarian rules
Conservatism
Militarism
Nationalism
Religiosity
Conservatism
Resistance to change presence is traditional structure
Militarism
Emphasis on military power and discipline
Nationalism
Strong alliance to nation (proud)
Religiosity
Utilization of religion to justify rule or maintain order
Behaviour and social dynamics
Intolerance of ambiguity
Discriminatory practices
Social conformity
Attack on education
Intolerance of ambiguity
Simplistic vies very ridged
Discrminatory Practices
Oppression of marginalized groups
Social conformity
demand for uniformity though/behaviour
Attack on education
undermining critical thinking intelligence
Why do institutions change
They change because they need to survive and adapt to survive in todays society, identity distribution of capabilities and political history
Example of Disfunction
The article “Seeing like a state” by (James, c , Owen ) on the three causes were ambition to remove society according to a plan,centerlized bureaucracy as well as the state is so powerful it can force schemes on citizens. We can connect this to the Soviet Union “Virgin island project” was a major project in the 1950 by soviet leader Nikita to boost grain production by using under-utilized land primary in Khazakstan .
Worker democracy
The idea that workers should control production and govern which would lead to direct participation in decision making abolish hierarchal class
Predatory Institutions
Refers to the structure that perpetrates exploration and inequality under capitalism such as private properties
Marx’s Advocated and said what about it
Advocated for the abolishment of private property and eliminate the explosive system like wage labour and replace with communal ownership
Substantive vs Formal
Focus on outcome where individuals can achieve their potential and enjoy freedom in practice that adipate for policy that actively reduce inequality ( modern liberalism , social democracy )
Formal Justification
Houses on procedure which means every state is legitimate if everyone is treated equally under law ( classical liberalism)
Authortiarn may be seen as
An absence of democracy
Authoritarian regime
a non democratic regime
Democratic breakdown
a reime losses irs democratic status
Authoritarian persistence
ongoing regime so democracy doesn’t happen
Tolitarian regime
aims to control everything about population such as the Soviet Union in Germany under the nazis Joseph Stalin was the leader at the time they managed do to this through propaganda and forced citizens to conform to ideology
Theocracy
Authoritarian state controlled by religious leaders or states with strict religious regulations Saudi Arabia Talabat
Personal dictatorship
authoritarian in which the personality of the leader is highlighted we can connect this to the case of Iran in 1976 when they underwent a social revolution that came with religious government in power as this imposes strict controls on public expression religion and overall freedom
Bureaucratic authoritarian regime
common in latin America that was associated with control if a group rather than an individual leader the Argentine military in 1970 was famous for torture method of throwing people of the helicopter over the Atlantic ocean
liberal Democracy
Where some democratic features but political and civil rights are not protected or guarantee
Anarchism
Was concerned with problems of power and authority and the foundations were trust individual human nature attempt at individual justice and equality we cna use the tree analogy was in the 18th century and finally developed in the 19th
Communism
is an ideology advocating for classes society where that means of production I communally owned
Marxist communism
based on the theories of Karl Marx and Fredrick eagles
Marxism-leninism
An adaptation of Marx ideas emphasizing a centralized state
Libertarian communism
rejects centralized authority emphasis on self management
Marx and Engles critique
They described that capitalism s an explosive system which benefit the bourgeoise (capital owning class) in the expensive of the proletariat (working class)
Problem with bourgeois society
Is characterized by inequality and explorations with the power concentrated in the hands of capitalist the problem range from disparities within wealth and power
