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PO101 > PO1O1 > Flashcards

PO1O1 Flashcards

Understand and connect

1
Q

Inductive Reasoning

A

Starts from a specific observation and move to a more general idea

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2
Q

Deductive Reasoning

A

Starts with a general idea and test it with a specific example and create a theory to see its success in the future

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3
Q

Normative Argumentation

A

Discussing how things ‘should’ be based on personal values and opinions

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4
Q

Empirical Reasoning

A

Analyzing how things actually are based on data. and observations

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5
Q

Theories

A

Theories are an explanation of a general phenomenon or explanations on why things are the way they are , includes economic, political and cultural

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6
Q

Characteristic of Theories

A

Concise : Clear and direct
Coherent : Consist and make sense
Systematic : Well organized and structured
Predictive : can forecast outcomes
Broadly applicable : Should apply to multiple situations

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7
Q

Dependant variable

A

The outcome you want to explain and the effect or outcome is based on the IV

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8
Q

Independent variable

A

The factor you think affects the outcome

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9
Q

Export Control

A

when one country sends military items to another place With restrictions

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10
Q

Mills Method

A

Mill’s Methods are a set of logical tools developed by John Stuart Mill to identify causes and effects. They are used in political science to analyze and compare cases, aiming to determine why certain political phenomena occur.

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11
Q

Types of Method

A

Method of Agreement:
Method of Difference
Joint Method
Method of Residues
Concomitant Variation:

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12
Q

Method of Agreement:

A

Identifies a common factor in all cases with a specific outcome.

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13
Q

Method of Difference

A

Compares cases with and without an outcome to find a unique cause.

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14
Q

Joint Method

A

Agreement and Difference to strengthen conclusions.

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15
Q

Method of Residues

A

Identifies the remaining causes by eliminating those that are already known.

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16
Q

Concomitant Variation:

A

Looks for patterns where changes in one variable are linked to changes in another.

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17
Q

Institutions

A

Structure that shapes political, economical and social behaviour

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18
Q

What was Douglass north take on institutions ?

A

defined institutions as a humanly devised constraints

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19
Q

Satori’s ladder of abstraction

A

We can organize conception the basis of their specificity and generality

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20
Q

Comparative politics

A

subfield of political science that aims to analyze multiple cases using a comparative method

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21
Q

Correlation

A

The association between 2 variable and the link between them

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22
Q

Causation

A

When something effect or make something happen

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23
Q

Democracy

A

Rule of the people from voting includes participants from second and third generation of human rights

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24
Q

Voter turn out

A

percentage of eligible voters who took part in election

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25
Q

Procedural definitions

A

focus on how processes, institutions, or mechanisms operate, rather than on their outcomes or the values they uphold. These definitions emphasize how something is done, not necessarily what it achieves.

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26
Q

Minimalistic definition

A

basic criteria for political entity to be democratic

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27
Q

Benevolent dictatorship

A

Authoritarian rule with some civil liberties

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28
Q

Liberal Democracy

A

allows political liberties and democratic rules comprimise

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29
Q

What causes democracy

A

individual perspective fostered by a combination of economic, social and political factors

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30
Q

Democracy Waves

A

Samuel P. Huntington in his book The Third Wave: Democratization in the Late Twentieth Century (1991). A wave of democracy refers to a historical period in which many countries transition from authoritarian regimes to democratic forms of government.

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31
Q

What causes Democracy waves

A

Cyclical
Second-try
Interrupted Democracy
Direct transition
Decolonization

32
Q

Cyclical

A

Same receptive cyclical between democratic and authoritarian system

33
Q

Second-Try

A

A second try at democratic system after failure

34
Q

Interrupted Democracy

A

Democracy system on pause due to suspension

35
Q

Direct Transition

A

Smooth switch from authoritarian to democratic

36
Q

Decolonization

A

Democratic emergence following colonial independence

37
Q

Where does democratization come from

A

From middle class expectations ,increased economic complexity

38
Q

Democracy can be influenced By

A
39
Q

Delegative democracies

A

a hybrid form that is democratic but involves election

40
Q

Competitive Authoritarins

A

A form of government or regime that allows some political competition

41
Q

Challenges in democratic transitions

A

previous regimes human rights balancing justice with reconciliation

42
Q

Military role in transitions

A

potential military intervention to civilian leadership ensuring military neutrality

43
Q

Stabilize new democracy

A

strengthen society promote transparent government

44
Q

Key aspects of Authoritarian rules

A

Conservatism
Militarism
Nationalism
Religiosity

45
Q

Conservatism

A

Resistance to change presence is traditional structure

46
Q

Militarism

A

Emphasis on military power and discipline

47
Q

Nationalism

A

Strong alliance to nation (proud)

48
Q

Religiosity

A

Utilization of religion to justify rule or maintain order

49
Q

Behaviour and social dynamics

A

Intolerance of ambiguity
Discriminatory practices
Social conformity
Attack on education

50
Q

Intolerance of ambiguity

A

Simplistic vies very ridged

51
Q

Discrminatory Practices

A

Oppression of marginalized groups

52
Q

Social conformity

A

demand for uniformity though/behaviour

53
Q

Attack on education

A

undermining critical thinking intelligence

54
Q

Why do institutions change

A

They change because they need to survive and adapt to survive in todays society, identity distribution of capabilities and political history

55
Q

Example of Disfunction

A

The article “Seeing like a state” by (James, c , Owen ) on the three causes were ambition to remove society according to a plan,centerlized bureaucracy as well as the state is so powerful it can force schemes on citizens. We can connect this to the Soviet Union “Virgin island project” was a major project in the 1950 by soviet leader Nikita to boost grain production by using under-utilized land primary in Khazakstan .

56
Q

Worker democracy

A

The idea that workers should control production and govern which would lead to direct participation in decision making abolish hierarchal class

57
Q

Predatory Institutions

A

Refers to the structure that perpetrates exploration and inequality under capitalism such as private properties

58
Q

Marx’s Advocated and said what about it

A

Advocated for the abolishment of private property and eliminate the explosive system like wage labour and replace with communal ownership

59
Q

Substantive vs Formal

A

Focus on outcome where individuals can achieve their potential and enjoy freedom in practice that adipate for policy that actively reduce inequality ( modern liberalism , social democracy )

60
Q

Formal Justification

A

Houses on procedure which means every state is legitimate if everyone is treated equally under law ( classical liberalism)

61
Q

Authortiarn may be seen as

A

An absence of democracy

62
Q

Authoritarian regime

A

a non democratic regime

63
Q

Democratic breakdown

A

a reime losses irs democratic status

64
Q

Authoritarian persistence

A

ongoing regime so democracy doesn’t happen

65
Q

Tolitarian regime

A

aims to control everything about population such as the Soviet Union in Germany under the nazis Joseph Stalin was the leader at the time they managed do to this through propaganda and forced citizens to conform to ideology

66
Q

Theocracy

A

Authoritarian state controlled by religious leaders or states with strict religious regulations Saudi Arabia Talabat

67
Q

Personal dictatorship

A

authoritarian in which the personality of the leader is highlighted we can connect this to the case of Iran in 1976 when they underwent a social revolution that came with religious government in power as this imposes strict controls on public expression religion and overall freedom

68
Q

Bureaucratic authoritarian regime

A

common in latin America that was associated with control if a group rather than an individual leader the Argentine military in 1970 was famous for torture method of throwing people of the helicopter over the Atlantic ocean

69
Q

liberal Democracy

A

Where some democratic features but political and civil rights are not protected or guarantee

70
Q

Anarchism

A

Was concerned with problems of power and authority and the foundations were trust individual human nature attempt at individual justice and equality we cna use the tree analogy was in the 18th century and finally developed in the 19th

71
Q

Communism

A

is an ideology advocating for classes society where that means of production I communally owned

72
Q

Marxist communism

A

based on the theories of Karl Marx and Fredrick eagles

73
Q

Marxism-leninism

A

An adaptation of Marx ideas emphasizing a centralized state

74
Q

Libertarian communism

A

rejects centralized authority emphasis on self management

75
Q

Marx and Engles critique

A

They described that capitalism s an explosive system which benefit the bourgeoise (capital owning class) in the expensive of the proletariat (working class)

76
Q

Problem with bourgeois society

A

Is characterized by inequality and explorations with the power concentrated in the hands of capitalist the problem range from disparities within wealth and power

PO101 (5 decks)

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