ES110

Question 1

Health

Answer 1

Absence of disease or impairment.

Question 2

Well-being

Answer 2

A state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being, beyond just the absence of disease.

Question 3

Measuring Health and Well-being

Indicators

Answer 3

Life Expectancy: Global average (2017) = 73 years.
Healthy Life Expectancy (HALE): Global average (2017) = 63.3 years.
Specific Metrics: Prevalence, mortality, DALY (disability-adjusted life years).

Question 4

Ways of measuring specific health outcomes

Answer 4

Number of people who get sick (prevalence)
Number of people who die (Mortality)
DALY(Disability adjusted life year) = Number of years of health life lost (captures premature death,injury,disability,chronic illness and more

Question 5

Linkages between environment and health

Answer 5

Environmental conditions can influence rates of noninfectious and infectious diseases
In both cases,human activity can have a significant influence , through such pathways as air pollution, release of toxins into environment climate change
Other linkages include food availability/nutrition; injuries due to natural hazards mental health and wellbeing

Question 6

Health and well-being in a changing climate

Risks to physical health:

Answer 6

Higher rates of malnutrition in low income countries due to disruptions to food system
Wider spread of vector borne and water borne diseases
Greater risk of heart related illness
Increased risks of injuries due to extreme weather events
Risks to mental health and wellbeing

Question 7

Impacts of climate change on nutritional health

Answer 7

Droughts heat floods water scarcity due to climate change will affect food production in many parts of the world
This will increase risk of malnutrition in low income countries

Question 8

Indicators of childhood malnutrition

Answer 8

Stunting= impaired growth and development that children experience from poor nutrition repeated infection and inadequate psychosocial stimulation
Measure= child’s height for age is >2 two standard deviations below average
Wasting= child is too thin for height due to chronic malnutrition

Question 9

Malnutrition in children , globally

Answer 9

Currently 22% of children worldwide are stunned
6.7% of children suffer from wasting
Most are living in low income countries highly exposed to climate change risks

Question 10

Impacts of stunting and wasting:

Answer 10

Poor cognition and educational performance
Low adult wages
Lost cost productivity
Increased risk of nutrition-related chronic diseases in adult life

Question 11

Non-Infectious Diseases:

Answer 11

Leading cause of DALY globally, particularly in high-income countries.
Includes cardiovascular diseases, cancers, lung diseases, and diabetes.

Question 12

Key Adaptations for Health:

Answer 12

Universal public health systems.
Addressing food insecurity in low-income countries.
Early warning systems for diseases.
Improving water and sanitation infrastructure.
Supporting healthcare access for marginalized populations.