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anatomy and physiology 1 > PNS exam > Flashcards

PNS exam Flashcards

1
Q

PNS components and associated structures

A

nerve fibers and cell bodies OUTSIDE THE CNS that conduct impulses to/away from the CNS
cranial and spinal nerves

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2
Q

nerve

A

cord-like organ made up of parallel bundles of peripheral axons enclosed by successive wrappings of CT

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3
Q

ganglion

A

collection of PNS nerve cell bodies
outside the cord in dorsal root ganglion
anterior horn of ventral root

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4
Q

nerve fiber consists of

A

axon, neurilemma, and surrounding endoneurial CT

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5
Q

endoneurium

A

delicate loose CT that surrounds the axons and neurilemma

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6
Q

perineurium

A

single layer of dense CT that encloses a fascicle and provides protection against foreign substances

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7
Q

epineurium

A

tough fibrous sheath that encloses all the fascicles

includes fatty tissue, bv, and lymphatics

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8
Q

classification of nerves: sensory/afferent

A

carries impulses towards the CNS

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9
Q

classification of nerves: motor/efferent

A

carries impulses away from the CNS to effectors

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10
Q

classification of nerves: mixed

A

most common

carry motor+sensory info to and from the CNS

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11
Q

a damaged neuron can regenerate only if

A

the soma remains intact

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12
Q

nerve regeneration

A
  1. wallerian degen- separated ends of the axon seal themselves off and swell disintegrating the distal part of the axon
  2. macrophages remove debris to clean out the dead axon leaving the myelin sheath intact and they stimulate schwann cells to divide
  3. schwann cells form a regeneration tube that the axon filament sprouts grow thru to be guided across the gap to their original contacts
  4. the axon regenerates and a new myelin sheath forms
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13
Q

cranial nerve I

A

olfactory

sensory/afferent for smell

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14
Q

cranial nerve II

A

optic

sensory/afferent for vision

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15
Q

cranial nerve III

A 
oculomotor
motor and parasympathetic fibers
for eye movement
elevation of eyelid
pupil constriction+ ciliary muscle
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16
Q

cranial nerve IV

A

trochlear
motor to supply superior oblique muscle
smallest nerve but longest pathway

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17
Q

cranial nerve V

A 
trigeminal
mixed
motor for mastication
sensory for face
divided into opthalamic, maxillary, and mandibular
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18
Q

cranial nerve VI

A

abducens
motor
serves lateral rectus muscle allowing eye to abduct

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19
Q

cranial nerve VII

A

facial
mixed (stylomastoid foramen) mainly for smile/laugh
motor for muscles of face and scalp
sensory for taste buds
*parasympathetic fibers for salivary and lacrimal glands

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20
Q

cranial nerve VIII

A

vestibulochochlear
sensory
vestibular nerve for equilbruim
cochlear nerve for hearing

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21
Q

cranial nerve IX

A

glossopharyngeal
parasympathetic fibers
mixed (jugular foramen)
motor for muscles of pharynx/salivary glands
sensory for pharynx sensation, tonsils, posterior 1/3 of tongue, bp in carotid arteries

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22
Q

cranial nerve X

A

vagus
mixed (jugular foramen)
motor/ paraympathetic (except swallow), supplies heart, lungs, abdominal viscera, involved in heart rate/breathing/digestion
sensory for impulses from thoracic/abdominal viscera, aortic/carotid chemoreceptors and taste buds on tongue and pharynx
only cranial nerve to extend beyond head/neck to thorax/abdomen

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23
Q

cranial nerve XI

A

accessory
mixed (jugular foramen)
motor ctrls muscles of pharynx, sternocleidomastoid, trapezius,
sensory for proprioceptors of above muscles

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24
Q

cranial nerve XII

A 
hypoglossal
mixed
motor for muscle of tongue
sensory for proprioceptors of tongue 
allows food mixing/manip by tongue and swallowing and speech involving the tongue
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25
Q

spinal nerves

A

initially arise from spinal cord as rootless but converge to form 2 nerve roots
all are mixed nerves
8 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 coccygeal
31 pairs

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26
Q

dorsal root

A

sensory/afferent info

cell bodies are located outside the cord in dorsal root ganglion

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27
Q

ventral root

A

motor/efferent info

cell bodies lie in anterior horn

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28
Q

posterior dorsal ramus

A

serves deep muscles and skin of dorsal trunk

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29
Q

anterior ventral ramus

A

serves muscles/structures of upper/lower limbs and skin of lateral/ventral trunk

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30
Q

rami communicates

A

autonomic visceral sympathetic nerve fibers

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31
Q

cranial nerves for eye movement

A

III oculomotor
IV trochlear
VI abducens

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32
Q

cranial nerves that are mostly sensory

A

I olfactory
II optic
VIII vestibulocochlear

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33
Q

cranial nerves with parasympathetic fibers that serve visceral muscles and glands

A

III oculomotor
VII facial
IX glossopharyngeal
X vagus

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34
Q

plexus

A

network of tangled nerves that mostly serve limbs
formed by ventral rami
each end of the plexus contains fibers from several spinal nerves

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35
Q

cervical plexus

A

C1-C4
phrenic nerve C3-C5
most important nerve
sensory/motor fibers to diaphragm

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36
Q

brachial plexus

A

C5-C8 and T1
entire nerve supply to upper extremities, neck, and shoulder muscles
radial, median, ulnar

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37
Q

lumbar plexus

A

L1-L4
abdominal wall, external genitals, part of lower extremities
femoral-largest part of lumbar plexus serves thigh, buttocks, and lower extremities

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38
Q

sacral plexus

A

L4-L5 and S1-S4
sciatic nerve-thickest and longest of all
serves anterior thigh muscles, and medial surface of leg knee-foot

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39
Q

spinal nerve in charge of contracting the diaphragm

A

phrenic nerve C3-C5

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40
Q

radial nerve

A

part of brachial plexus

goes under olecranon- called the funny bone

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41
Q

ulnar nerve

A

part of brachial plexus

on the medial side of the arm, innervates the pinky and ring finger

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42
Q

median nerve

A

part of brachial plexus
innervates thumb, index, and middle finger
can cause carpal tunnel

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43
Q

somatic nervous system

A

peripheral nerve fibers for voluntary motor info (excitatory) to the skeletal muscle
reflexive movements
a single neuron arising from ventral horns
ACH is only neurotransmitter

44
Q

autonomic nervous system

A

ctrls smooth muscle of viscera/internal organs and glands

sympathetic, parasympathetic, and enteric

45
Q

somatic effectors, pathways, and neurotrans

A

effector: skeletal muscle
effector pathway: single heavily myelinated neuron
neurotrans: ACH

46
Q

autonomic effectors, pathways, and neurotrans

A

effector: smooth/cardiac muscles and glands
effector pathway: 2 neurons; pregang 1 light myel neuron, post gang 1 unmyel neuron
neurotrans: pregang- ACH, post gang NRE stim, ACH inhibit

47
Q

ANS sympathetic division origin, length of fibers, neurotransmitters

A

origin: thoracic and lumbar
length of fibers: pregang-long, postgang- short
neurotrans: pregang-ACH, postgang NRE

48
Q

sympathetic division innervation

A 
pupil-dialates
salivary glands-inhibits
heart-accelerates
lungs- dialates bronchi
digestive- inhibits
liver- converts glycogen to glucose
bladder-inhibits contraction/release
secretes adrenaline and Noreadrenaline
49
Q

ANS parasympathetic division origin, length of fibers, and neurotrans

A

origin: cranial nerves and sacral
length of fibers: pregang-short, postgang-long
neurotransmitter: pregang ACH, postgang-ACH

50
Q

parasympathetic division innervation

A 
pupil-constricts
salivary glands- stimulates
heart-slows
lungs- bronchi constrict
digestive- stimulates peristalsis and secretion
liver- stimulates bile release
bladder- contracts and release
51
Q

main functions of general sensory receptors and special senses

A

keep us aware and able to respond to stimuli in envt
allow survival
special senses allow for vision, olfaction, taste, hearing, equilibrium

52
Q

by stimulus

mechanoreceptors

A 
touch
pressure
vibration
stretch
itch
meissners corpuscles
53
Q

by stimulus

thermoreceptors

A

free nerve endings

sensitive to temperature changes

54
Q

by stimulus

photoreceptors

A

in retina

resp to light

55
Q

by stimulus

chemoreceptors

A

in hypothalamus, vomiting center, heart
smell
taste
changes in blood chemistry

56
Q

by stimulus

noiceptor

A

free nerve endings

sensitive to pain causing stimuli

57
Q

by location

exteroceptors

A 
found near the body surface
respond to stimuli arising outside the body
touch 
pressure
pain
temperature
and special sense organs
58
Q

by location

interoceptors

A 
found in internal viscera/bv
resp to stimuli arising within the body
chemical changes
stretch
temperature changes
59
Q

proprioceptors

A

interoceptor that responds to degree of organ stretch in skeletal muscles, tendons, joints, ligaments, CT coverings
constantly advise the brain of movement

60
Q

the 5 special senses are

A 
vision
olfaction
taste
hearing
equilibrium
61
Q

accessory eye structures: eyebrows

A

coarse hairs that overlie supraorbital margins to shade the eye and stop perspiration from reaching the eye

62
Q

accessory eye structure: eyelids

A

overlying skin that protects the eye anteriorly and produces lubricating mucus to keep the eye from drying out

63
Q

accessory eye structure: tarsal glands

A

secrete whitish oily fatty substance

64
Q

accessory eye structure: lacrimal apparatus

A

lacrimal glands and associated ducts

secrete tears; a dilute saline solution with mucous, antibodies, and lysozymes

65
Q

accessory eye structure: lens

A

biconvex transparent avascular structure that allows precise focus of light on to the retina
composed of simple cuboidal epithelium in the anterior cells that differentiate into lens fibers
and lens fibers-cells filled with transparent protein crystalin

66
Q

fibrous tunic of eyeball

A

slcera-protection and anchoring of extrinsic muscles; covered by conjuntiva
cornea- curved to help focus light on the retina

67
Q

vascular tunic (uvea)

A

choroid- highly vascularized dark brown membrane bt sclera and retina that helps absorb light and supplies blood to all tunics
ciliary body-thickened ring of tissue surrounding the lens ciliary muscles are smooth muscle bundles to ctrl lens shape
ciliary processes secrete aqueous humor and anchor suspensory ligament that holds the lens in place
iris and pupil- colored part of eye ctrl amt of light

68
Q

sensory tunic (retina)

A

ora serrata- attaches ciliary body to sensory tunic
2 layer membrane- pigmented layer that absorbs light/prevents scattering/acts like phagocytes; retina- multi layered outgrowth of brain w photo receptors, bipolar cells, ganglion that joins optic disk and leaves as optic nerve

69
Q

anterior chamber

A

bt cornea and iris
cont aqueous humor- a plasma like fluid that drains via canal of schlemm (scleral venous sinus)
supports nourishes and removes waste

70
Q

posterior chamber

A

bt iris and lens
cont vitreous humor- clear gel that supports the posterior surface of the lens; and holds the neural retina firmly against the pigmented layer

71
Q

main structure of the eye that regulates the amout of light passing to the visual receptors of the eye

A

pupil

72
Q

flow of light

A

cornea–aqueous humor of anterior seg–pupil-lens–vitreous humor of posterior segment–ganglion cells–bipolar cells–photoreceptors

73
Q

rods

A 
sensitive to dim light
best suited for night vision/peripheral vision
1 photopigment-rhodopsin
input in gray tones
fuzzy/indistinct images
74
Q

cones

A

high acuity color vision
requires bright light for activation (low sensitivity)
detailed and high res in blue, red, and green
found in macula lutea and concentrated in fovea capitis

75
Q

arrangement of photopigments

A

rods/cones arranged in a stack of disk like infoldings of plasma membrane that change shape as they absorb light

76
Q

visual pigments

A

colored proteins that undergo structural changes when they absorb light creating potentials

77
Q

opsin-

A

visual pigment
glycoprotein bound to retinal
4 types

78
Q

retinal

A

derivative of vit A
light absorbing part
wavelength depends on which opsin is attached

79
Q

visual transduction of rods

A

bleaching of pigment- breakdown of retinal opsin combo;
regeneration- retinal binds to opsin
rhodopsin- deep purple pigment in rods that absorbs blue-green

80
Q

visual transduction of cones

A

visual pigments retinal and opsin
dark- continual release of glutamate–no vision
light-no glutamate–light+vision

81
Q

smell

A

olfactory epithelium
covers superior part of nasal cavity
bipolar neurons with radiating olfactory CILIA embedded in mucus

82
Q

taste

A

taste buds found in papillae on tongue
bud made up of supporting cells that insulatethe receptor, basal cells/stem cells, GUSTATORY HAIRS that bind molecules and release serotonin and ATP

83
Q

activation of smell

A
  1. olfactory receptors bind odor causing chemicals
  2. use CAMP as 2nd messenger to initiate G protein mechanism
  3. CAMP opens NaCa+ channels to trigger an action potential
84
Q

activation of taste

A
  1. chemical must be dissolved in saliva and bound to gustatory hairs
  2. binding of food chemical depolarizes taste cell membrane releasing neurotransmitter and initiating action potential and starting digestion
  3. thermoreceptors, mechanoreceptors, nociceptors, and texture influence taste
85
Q

5 different tastes

A

sweet-sugars, saccharin, alcohol, aminos
salt-metal ions like NaCl
sour- acids H+
bitter- alkaloids like caffeine and nicotine
umami- meaty flavor from aminos, glutamate, aspartate

86
Q

papillae that contain taste buds

A

foliate
fungiform
circumvallate

87
Q

composition of a taste bud

A

supporting cells-insulate the receptor
basal cells-dynamic stem cells
gustatory hairs- taste cells

88
Q

outer ear composed of

A

auricle (pinna)- helix/rim and lobule
external acoustic meatus-short curved tube filled w ceruminous glands
typmanic memb- CT memb bt outer/mid ear that vibrates and transfers sound energy to ossicles

89
Q

middle ear

A

small air filled mucosa lined cavity flanked laterally by tympanic memb and flanked medially by oval and round windows
pharyngotympanic tube- equalizes pressure in middle ear w external air
ossicles- (malleus, incus, stapes) transmit vibratory motion of tympanic membrane to oval window

90
Q

inner ear

A

cochlea_ spiral conical bony chamber that is divided into
scala vestibuli-upper, connected to oval window, perilymph
scala tympani- lower, terminates at round window serves as pressure valve, perilymph
scala media- middle cochlear duct filled with endolymph, high K+ conc

91
Q

receptor for hearing is

A

the organ of corti
part of inner ear enclosed by tectorial memb- upper memb touched by hairs; and basal memb- separates scala media from scala tympani, where hair cells are embedded

92
Q

two groups of hair cells in the inner ear

A

inner cells- single row

outer cells-three rows

93
Q

sterocilia on the apical side of cells

A

extend to endolymph of scala media
long microvilli arranged in several rows of graded height (longest called kinocilium)
at basal end both types of cells synapse w sensory neurons from the cochlear branch of CN VIII

94
Q

physiology of sound

A
  1. sound vibrations beat on tympanic membrane
  2. tympanic memb pushes against the ossicles which press fluid in the inner ear against oval/round windows setting shearing forces that pull hairs
    3 cilia bend towards kinocilium
    -opens mech gated K+ channels
    -cause graded pot and release of neurotrans
    -neurotrans cause cochlea fibers to trans impulses to brain where sound is received
95
Q

vestibule

A

central egg shaped cavity of bony labyrinth; 2 sacs depended in perilymph,
saccule-extends 2 cochlea- resp to verticle mvmt
utricle-extends to semicircular canals-resp to horiz mvmt

96
Q

static equilbruim

A

macula of vestibula
monitor pos of head in space and controls posture
resp to speed/direction but not rotation
supporting cells and hair cells
-each hair has stereocilia +kinocilium in the otolithic memb- jelly like mass studded w tiny calcium carbonate stones called otoliths

97
Q

static equilbruim activation

A

otolithic mvmt in direction of kinocilia-depol vestibular nerve fibers, increase number of AP
otholithic mvmt away from kinocilia- hyperpol/ reduces the rate of impulses

either way the brain is informed of changing pos of head bc hair cells synapse w fibers of vestibular nerve

98
Q

dynamic equilbrium

A

crista ampularis of semicircular canals
ampula-swollen end of each canal-has eq receptors called crista ampularis
resp to angular mvmts of head
each has support cells and hair cells that extend to a gel like mass called cupula
dendrites of vestibular nerve encircle base of hair cells

99
Q

dynamic eq activation

A

resp to changes in velocity of rotary head mvmts
directional bending of hair cells in cristae causes
depol, rapid impulses that reach the brain at a faster rate
hyper pol few impulses reach the brain
this informs brain of rotational info

100
Q

main reason for motion sickness is

A

that visual input doesnt match eq input

101
Q

vision

A

receptor by stimulus: photoreceptor

location: retina

102
Q

smell

A

receptor by stimulus: chemoreceptor

location: olfactory epithelium; cilia

103
Q

taste

A

receptor by stimulus: chemoreceptor

location: taste buds; gustatory hairs

104
Q

hearing

A

receptor by stimulus: mechanoreceptor

location: organ of corti

105
Q

static eq

A

receptor by stimulus: mechanorecptor

location: vestibule-macule

106
Q

dynamic eq

A

receptor by stimulus: mechanoreceptor

location: semicircular canals-crista ampularis

anatomy and physiology 1 (8 decks)

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