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anatomy and physiology 1 > Exam 2: Skeletal system > Flashcards

Exam 2: Skeletal system Flashcards

1
Q

four structures that make up the skeletal system

A

bones, cartilage, ligaments, joints

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2
Q

hyaline cartilage

A

only collagen fibers present, provides support, flex, resilience, and allows bones to grow
types: articular, costal, respiratory, nasal

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3
Q

articular hyaline cartilage

A

covers ends of long bones at moveable joints

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4
Q

costal hyaline cartilage

A

connects the ribs to the sternum

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5
Q

nasal hyaline cartilage

A

supports the nose

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6
Q

elastic cartilage

A

collagen and elastic fibers that maintain shape and structure while allowing flexibility
loc: external ear and epiglottis

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7
Q

fibrocartilage

A

rows of chondrocytes alternating with thick collagen fibers; lacks perichondrium since bv penetrate up to 40% of cartilage;
highly compressible w great tensile strength;
loc: knee menisci, intervertebral disks

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8
Q

all cartilage has

A

chondrocytes and ecm

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9
Q

interstitial growth of cartilage

A

growth from the inside; lacunae bound chondrocytes inside the cartilage divide and secrete new matrix, expanding cartilage from within

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10
Q

appositional growth of cartilage

A

growth from the outside; cells in perichondrium secrete matrix against the external face of existing cartilage

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11
Q

functions of the skeletal system

A 
contrib to shape of body
support/framework/cradle soft organs
protective case
movement-levers for muscles
mineral storage-calc/phosphate able to store/release
hematopoiesis in red marrow cavities
triglyceride/energy storage in bone cavities
cartilage for flexibility
ligaments reinforce joints/connect bones
joints provide mobility
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12
Q

compact bone

A

dense outer layer of bone that looks smooth and solid
osteon/haversian syst
supports/protects, provides levers for muscles, stores calc minerals and fat

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13
Q

spongy bone

A

honey comb of trabeculae (little beams) filled w red/yellow marrow; no osteons present; looks poorly organized; trabeculae align along lines of stress; irregularly arranged lamellae and osteocytes interconnected by canaliculi
site of hematopoiesis

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14
Q

diaphysis

A

tubular shaft forming the long axis of bone has cent medullary cavity w yellow fat marrow

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15
Q

epiphysis

A

expanded ends of long bones
exterior compact, interior spongy,
joint surface covered in articular hyaline cart; cushions opposing bone end and absorbs stress;
cont red bone marrow hematopoiesis

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16
Q

gross anatomy long bone

A

compact and spongy bone separated by epiphyseal line once growth stops; cont both peri/endosteum and has signif yellow marrow cavity

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17
Q

gross anatomy short/flat/irregular bones

A

thin plates of periosteum covered compact bone w endosteum covered diploe on the inside
has no diaphysis/epiphysis
cont red marrow bt trabeculae but no signif marrow cavity

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18
Q

red marrow

A

hematopoietic tissue
INFANTS- in medullary cavity+all areas of spongy bone
ADULTS- found in diploe of flat bones (sternum/ribs), irregular bones (os coxa/vert), and head of femur/humerus
no longer in diaphysis

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19
Q

yellow marrow

A

found in medullary cavity of adult long bones in diaphysis

functions in fat storage

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20
Q

articular cartilage

A

hyaline cartilage found only at the ends of long bones in moveable joints

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21
Q

periosteum

A

glistening white double layered memo that surrounds the bone

richly supplied w nerve fibers, nutrient bv, and lymph vessles that enter the bone via nutrient foramina

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22
Q

outer fibrous layer of periosteum

A

dens irregular ct

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23
Q

inner osteogenic layer of periosteum

A

contains osteogenic stem cells that give rise to osteoblasts, clasts, and cytes

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24
Q

sharpeys fibers of periosteum

A

perforating tufts of collagen extending from fibrous layer into the bone matrix that secure periosteum to underlying bone

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25
Q

endosteum

A

delicate ct memb on inside of bone that covers trabec of spongy bone and lines canals that pass thru compact bone
cont osteogenic cells that can be osteoblast/cyte/clasts

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26
Q

hemaotpoiesis during growth-infants

A

found in red marrow of medullary cavity and all areas of spongy bone

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27
Q

hematopoiesis during growth-adults

A

found in diploe of flat bones (sternum/ribs) some irregular bones (os coxa/vert) and in head of femur/humerus

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28
Q

osteogenic/osteoprogenitor cells

A

stem cells in peri/endosteum that give rise to osteoblasts

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29
Q

osteoblasts

A

bone forming cells that produce organic matrix/collagen fibers called osteoid

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30
Q

osteocytes

A

most abundant
mature bone cells in contact w eo via gap junx
are mechanosensory cells that monitor and maintain mineralized bone matrix

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31
Q

osteoclasts

A

giant multinucleate cells that break down and reabsorb bone matrix

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32
Q

compact bone structural unit

A

osteon/haversian syst

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33
Q

compact bone- lamellae

A

weight bearing column like matrix tubes
like growth rings in a tree trunk stacked inside eo
collagen fibers of adj lamellae run in opp directions to wstand torsion/twisting stresses

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34
Q

compact bone- cent/haversian canal

A

runs thru the core of each osteon cont the bv and nerves that serve the osteons cells; is surrounded by concentric lamellae

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35
Q

compact bone- perforating/volkmanns canals

A

run at right angles to cent canal connecting bv and nerves of periosteum to cent canal and medullary cavity

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36
Q

compact bone- lacunae

A

small cavities that cont osteocytes at junx of lamellae

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37
Q

compact bone-canaliculi

A

hairlike canals that connect lacunae to eo and to the cent canal

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38
Q

spongy bone

A

no osteons pres looks poorly organized; trabec align precisely along lines of stress to help resist; cont irregularly arranged lamellae and osteocytes interconnected by canaliculi
nutrients reach the osteocytes thru the canaliculi

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39
Q

organic matrix is made of

A

osteoid and cells

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40
Q

osteoid

A

1/3 or 35%
organic unmineralized bone matrix secreted by osteoblasts made up of ground subst (proteoglycans/glycoproteins) and collagen fibers for strength and flex

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41
Q

cells

A

osteogenic, osteoblast/clast/cytes, bone lining cells

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42
Q

inorganic matrix made of

A

hydroxyapetites

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43
Q

hydroxyapatites

A

2/3 or 65%
mineral salts
calc phosphate compounds pres in the form of tiny packed crystals in and around the collagen fibers
resp for bone hardness and resistant to compression
why bones last after death

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44
Q

bones of children are more flex than bones of elderly bc

A

kids have a higher quant of organic matrix

elderly have old hydroxyapetites that cause brittle bones

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45
Q

how 02 is carried from outside a bone to an individual osteocyte

A

bv enter thru the periosteum into a perforating volkmanns canal
follow along the axis of bone thru the cent canal and travels thru canaliculi cell to cell until it reaches the osteocyte in question

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46
Q

intramembranous ossification step 1

A

ossification centers appear in the fibrous ct memb selected cent loc mesenchymal cells cluster and differentiate into osteoblasts forming ossification center

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47
Q

intramembranous ossification step 2

A

bone matrix-osteoid is secreted w n the fibrous memb and calcifies
osteoblasts secrete osteoid which is calcified in a few days; trapped osteoblasts then become osteocytes

48
Q

intramembranous ossification step 3

A

woven bone+ periosteum form- accumulating osteoid is laid down bt embyronic bv in a random manner
the result is a network of trabeculae called woven bone
vascularized mesenchyme condenses on the external face of woven bone and becomes periosteum

49
Q

intramembranous ossification step 4

A

lamellar bone replaces woven bone just deep to the periosteum- trabeculae thicken and are replaced w mature lamellar bone that forms compact bone plates
diploe consisting of distinct trabeculae persists internally and its vascular tissue becomes red marrow

50
Q

endochondral ossification step 1

A

hyaline cartilage is infiltrated by bv converting it to a vascular periosteum

51
Q

endochondral ossification step 2

A

bone collar forms around hyaline cartilage model; is produced by osteoblasts encasing the cartilage with bone

52
Q

endochondral ossification step 3

A

cartilage in the bone collar calcifies dies and forms cavities

53
Q

endochondral ossification step 4

A

about month 3
the periosteal bud invades the internal cavities allowing the osteoblast/clasts to enter
osteoclasts remove the calcified cartilage
osteoblasts replace it w earliest version of spongy bone

54
Q

endochondral ossification step 5

A

birth
diaphysis elongates and a medullary cavity forms as ossification continues
secondary ossification centers begin to appear in the epiphysis

55
Q

endochondral ossification step 6

A

childhood-adolescence
epiphysis ossify
when completed hyaline cartilage remains only in the epiphyseal plates and articular cartilages

56
Q

long bone growth that occurs at epiphyseal plate zones

A

interstitial growth

57
Q

interstitial growth of bone RESTING ZONE

A

cartilage on the side of the epiphyseal plate is relatively inactive

58
Q

interstitial growth of bone CARTILAGE ABUTTING THE DIAPHYSIS OF THE BONE

A

organizes into a pattern allowing fast efficient growth

59
Q

proliferation zone of diaphysis

A

cartilage cells undergo mitosis and push epiphysis away from diaphysis

60
Q

hypertrophic zone of diaphysis

A

older cartilage cells enlarge and begin to die

61
Q

calcification zone of diaphysis

A

matrix becomes calcified, cartilage cells die, matrix deteriorates and osteoid is laid down

62
Q

ossification zone of diaphysis

A

new bone formation

63
Q

appositional growth of bones

A

growth of bones in width
osteoblasts beneath periosteum secrete bone matrix on external surface
osteoclasts in endosteum of diaphysis remove bone to widen canal and keep the weight proportionate to the height

64
Q

remodeling cells

A

osteoblasts/clasts form remodeling units and coordinate bone remodeling w help from stress sensing osteocytes
they deposit and reabsorb bone and the periosteal and endosteal surfaces

65
Q

wolffs law

A

a bone grows or remodels in response to the forces/demands placed on it
the more stress the stronger the bone in that area

66
Q

type of growth in long bones of babies and kids

A

postnatal interstitial and appositional growth in long bones
seen at epiphyseal plate if interstitial growth (length)
seen at bone surface/cavity if appositional growth (width)

67
Q

requirements for normal growth of bone

A

diet rich in protein; vit A C D and calcium+phosphorus, magnesuium and manganese
alkaline phosphatase-essential for bone mineralization; allows formation of hydroxyapetites (works best at basic ph)
lysosomal enzymes to digest organic matrix broken down by osteoclasts
hydrochloric acid to remove hydroxyapetites and convert calcium salts to soluble forms

68
Q

epiphyseal plate activity is stimulated by

A

growth hormone during infancy and childhood

69
Q

testosterone/estrogen promote

A

growth spurt and closing of epiphyseal plate

70
Q

parathyroid hormone PTH

A

parathyroid gland signaled to release PTh when blood calcium levels fall
signals osteoclasts to degrade bone matrix and release calcium into the blood

71
Q

calcitonin

A

thyroid triggered by rising calcium levels in the blood to release calcitonin
stimulates osteoblasts to deposit calcium and deactivates osteoclasts

72
Q

the bones anatomy is a reflection of

A

the common stresses it encounters like muscle pull and gravity; serves the needs of the skeleton by keeping bones strong where stressors are acting

73
Q

mechanical forces communicate w cells resp for remodeling via electrical signals

A

deposition occurs in regions negatively charged

resorption occurs in regions positively charged

74
Q

fracture repair step 1: hematoma formation

A

torn bv hemorrhage–> mass of clotted blood forms at fracture site–> site becomes swollen painful and inflamed–> bathes area w nutrients/macrophages

75
Q

fracture repair step 2: fibrocartilaginous callus

A

capillaries grow into tissue and phagocytic cells clean debris–> fibroblasts produce collagen fibers to connect broken ends–> chondrocytes make collagen matrix–>osteoblasts form spongy bone–> outside calcification begins

76
Q

fracture repair step 3: bony callus formation

A

trabeculae begin to appear–> fibrocartilaginous callus converts into a bony hard callus 3-4 weeks after injury and continues until a firm union is achieved 2-3 mo later

77
Q

fracture repair step 4: bone remodeling

A

bony callus is remodeled to resemble that of the original unbroken region bc it resp to same set of mechanical stress

78
Q

joint/articulation

A

weakest point of skeleton

site where 2 bones meet

79
Q

synarthroses

A

immovable joint

80
Q

amphiarthroses

A

slightly moveable joint

81
Q

diarthroses

A

freely moveable joint

82
Q

fibrous joints

A

bones joined by fibrous tissue; no joint cavity; mostly immovable binding mat

83
Q

fibrous joint: suture

A

skull joint held together w very short interconnecting fibers and interlocking bone edges

84
Q

fibrous joint: syndesmoses

A

bones connected by a ligament can be immovable to slightly moveable
occurs bt tibia/fibula and radius/ulna

85
Q

fibrous joint: gomphoses

A

peg in socket periodontal ligament; fibrous joint bt tooth and alveolar socket

86
Q

cartilaginous joints

A

articulating bones united by cartilage binding material
lack a joint cavity
non or very slight movement

87
Q

cartilaginous joint: synchondroses

A

synarthrotic bar/plate of hyaline cartilage that unites bone parts
epiphyseal plate of children and joint bt costal cartilage and first rib of sternum

88
Q

cartilaginous joint: symphysis

A

fibrocartilage connecting tissue

amphiarthrotic joint designed for strength and flex in intervertebral disks/ pubic symphysis

89
Q

6 structural char of synovial joints

A 
articular cartilage
joint cavity
articular capsule 
synovial fluid
reinforcing ligaments
innervation/vascularization
90
Q

articular cartilage of synovial joint

A

hyaline cartilage that cushions/absorbs compression and prevents bone ends from being crushed

91
Q

joint cavity of synovial joint

A

space filled w synovial fluid that allows joints to be freely moveable

92
Q

articular capsule of synovial joint

A

encloses joint cavity in 2 layers
fibrous capsule- dense irregular ct cont w periosteum
synovial memb- composed of synovial memb and lines all parts not hyaline cartilage

93
Q

synovial fluid of synovial joint

A

fills all free spaces in joint capsule produced from synovial memb and blood filt (always fresh)
reduces friction bt cartilages
cont phagocytic cells
supplies nut to cartilage and removes waste

94
Q

reinforcing ligaments of synovial joint

A

reinforce/strengthen and unite bones
prevent excessive and undesired motion
gives stability and alignment

95
Q

innervation/vascularization of synovial joint

A

rich supply of sensory nerve fibers that monitor pain but mostly joint pos and stretch
and rich supply of bv

96
Q

3 factors that stabilize synovial joints

A

articular surfaces-shape det possible movements
ligaments- more you have-stronger it is; prevents excessive motion
MUSCLE TONE-tendons are kept tight at all times bc of muscle tone; tendons pull and hold joint in place. very important in shoulder and knee

97
Q

most important stabilizing factor of synovial joints

A

muscle tone

98
Q

bursae

A

flattened fibrous sacs lined w synovial memb and filled w synovial fluid common where ligaments muscles skin tendons and bones rub together

99
Q

tendon sheath

A

elongated bursae that wraps completely around a tendon subject to large amounts of friction

100
Q

body mvmt: GLIDING

A

occurs when one flat/nearly flat bone surface glides/slips over another back and forth/ side to side

101
Q

body mvmt: FLEXION

A

bending mvmt along sagittal plane that DECREASES the angle of joint and brings articulating bones together

102
Q

body mvmt: EXTENSION

A

mvmt along sagittal plane that increases the angle bt the flexed bones and typically straightens the body part

103
Q

body mvmt: ABDUCTION

A

mvmt of a limb away from the midline or median plane of the body
along the frontal plane

104
Q

body mvmt: ADDUCTION

A

mvmt of a limb towards the body midline

105
Q

body mvmt: CIRCUMDUCTION

A

moving a limb so that it describes a cone in space

distal end in a circle while proximal end is more or less stationary

106
Q

rotation

A

turning of a bone around its own long axis

107
Q

supination

A

turning palm to its anatomical pos

palms forward

108
Q

pronation

A

turning palm away from anatomical pos

palms facing back posterior

109
Q

dorsiflexion

A

pointing toes up toward back

110
Q

plantarflexion

A

pointing toes down toward ground

111
Q

inversion

A

turning sole of foot medially

112
Q

eversion

A

turning sole of foot laterally

113
Q

protraction

A

non angular anterior mvmt

push jaw forward

114
Q

retraction

A

non angular posterior mvmt

pull jaw in

115
Q

elevation

A

lifting a body part superiorly

116
Q

depression

A

moving elevated body part inferiorly

117
Q

opposition

A

allowed by saddle joint in thumb

touching thumb to other fingers of same hand

anatomy and physiology 1 (8 decks)

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