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anatomy and physiology 1 > integumentary+endocrine systems > Flashcards

integumentary+endocrine systems Flashcards

1
Q

epidermis

A

outer layer that continually replenishes, resists friction, and waterproofs
made out of stratified squamous cells

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2
Q

dermis

A

VASCULARIZED dense lower layer of interlacing collagen and elastic fibers embedded in a semi fluid matrix
provides skin tone and toughness
cells: fibroblasts, macrophages, mast cells, wbc
also contains nerve fibers and lymphatic vessels

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3
Q

hypodermis

A

not really part of the skin
considered subcutaneous tissue
superficial fascia- superficial to tough ct wrapping/fascia of skeletal muscles
funct: most of bodies fat storage, thermoreg, insulation, and protection from bones compression

gained weight comes from fat placed at the hypodermis

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4
Q

tissue type of the epidermis

A

stratified squamous cells

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5
Q

layers of the epidermis

A 
stratum basale
stratum spinosum
stratum granulosum
stratum corneum
if thick: stratum lucidum
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6
Q

stratum basale

A

1 row of columnar/cuboidal stem cells attached to the dermis
intense mitotic activity/regeneration
contains many melanocytes 10-25%
keratinocytes arise from here

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7
Q

melanocytes

A

spider like cells abundant in the stratum basale and loc bt keratinocytes
deposit melanin granules to shade the top side of the nucleus to protect DNA from UV

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8
Q

keratinocytes

A

produce keratin a fibrous protein that water proofs and toughens skin
is most abundant and renews every 25-45 days

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9
Q

stratum spinosum

A 
prickly layer
sev layers thick
pre keratin filaments and melanin granules
is attached by desmosomes
contains langerhans cells
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10
Q

langerhans cells

A

dendritic cells
come from bone marrow and migrate to epidermis
phagocytes that ingest foreign substances and help activate the immune system

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11
Q

stratum granulosum

A

3-5 layers of keratinocytes
keratinization
cells start to flatten and accumulate keratohyalin granules and lamellated granules
here organelles start to break down, cells begin to flatten and die

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12
Q

keratohyalin granules

A

protein that organizes keratin into thicker bundles to toughen and form keratin in the upper layers

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13
Q

lamellated granules

A

glycolipids are forced out of the extracellular space- a major factor in slowing water loss across the epidermis

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14
Q

stratum corneum

A

horny layer
20-30 cells thick
flattened non nucleated keratinized cells whose cytoplasm is filled w keratin
protects the skin from abrasion and penetration
glycolipid bt cells waterproofs this layer
unsuitable for microorganism growth

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15
Q

stratum lucidum

A

thick skin only

2-3 rows of clear, flat, dead keratinocytes just above the stratum granulosum

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16
Q

thick skin

A

only in palms and soldes
thicker more protective stratum corneum
extra layer- stratum lucidum

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17
Q

thin skin

A

found everywhere but palms and soles

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18
Q

merkel cells of epi

A

arise from epidermis and conduct to the dermis
intimately associated with a disk like sensory nerve ending
functions as a sensory receptor for touch
nerve ending is NOT an accessory organ of the skin its part of the ns

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19
Q

papillary layer of dermis

A

20%
loose areolar CT
highly vascularized and innervated
has dermal papillae that invade the epidermis and dermal pegs/downward projections
these friction ridges used in finger prints

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20
Q

sensory receptors of the papillary layer

A

free nerve endings-pain,tickling, itch, hot, cold

meissners corpuscles-light touch and pressure

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21
Q

reticular layer of dermis

A

80%
lower dense irregular CT w collagen and elastin
cutaneous plexus-innervation of skin by at least 2 spinal nerves
tension lines- pattern of collagen fibers that heal quickly; lose elastic w age so skin sags
flexure lines-deep dermal folds at joints for mvmt

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22
Q

sensory receptors of the reticular layer

A

ruffinins corpuscles

pacinian corpusucles

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23
Q

glycolipids

A

mortar bt cells of corneum to reduce water loss

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24
Q

keratin

A

tough fibrous protein for protection

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25
Q

hair

A

dead keratinized cells w melanins for color
loc all over body except palms, soles, lips, nips, and parts of external genitalia
alerts body to pres of insects on skin
guards scalp from physical trauma, heat loss, and sun
matrix-actively dividing area of bulb that makes hair
root bulb plexus-wrapped in sensory nerves

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26
Q

arrector pili

A

bundle of smooth muscle that lifts hair to make goosebumps to trap heat in cold or fear

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27
Q

nails

A

scale like modification of epidermis
hard keratin at superficial layers
nail bed for growth

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28
Q

eccrine glands

A

merocrine sweat gland
most numerous
loc on palms, soles, forehead for thermoreg
sweat secreted thru pores

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29
Q

apocrine glands

A

loc at goin/pits
mature at puberty
secrete reg sweat+ fats/proteins into a hair follicle
produce odor bc bac on skin decomposes fats/proteins

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30
Q

ceruminous glands

A

modified apocrine glands
in lining of external ear canal
make ear wax
deters insects, and blocks entry of other materials

31
Q

mammary glands

A

specialized sweat glands that secrete milk

32
Q

sweat is

A

99% h20, salt, urea, uric acid, antibodies, and microbe killing peptides (dermicidin)
acidic to help immune syst and protect skin
comp depends on health/diet
secreted thru pores

33
Q

sebaceous/oil glands

A

all over the body except palms and soles
produce sebum-oily secretion from holocrine glands
dumps into hair follicle when stimulated by hormones
softens/lubes hair and skin
prevents brittle hair
slows h2o loss
helps kill bac

34
Q

skin functions overview

A 
protection
thermoreg
cutaneous sensation
excretion
metabolism
blood res
35
Q

protection: chemical barriers

A

acid mantle- sweat w low ph retards multiplication
defensins-nat antibiotics that punch holes in bac
cathelicidins- protective peptides that prevent strep A infection
melanin-pigment shields

36
Q

protection: physical/mechanical barriers

A

continuity of skin
hard keratinized stratum corneum
glycolipids- block h20 loss/diffusion and sol substances

37
Q

protection: biological barriers

A

dendritic langerhans cells of immune syst
macrophages of dermis_2nd line
DNA absorbing sun and releasing it as heat

38
Q

body temperature regulation

A

evaporation of sweat releases heat
vasoconstriction- conserves heat
vasodialation-releases heat

39
Q

cutaneous sensation

A

meissners corp-aware of caress+clothing (light touch)
tactile disc
pacinian corp- bumps/contact w deep pressure
hair follicle recep-hair mvmts
free nerve endings- pain, chem, heat, cold

40
Q

excretion

A

elimination of nitrogen containing wastes thru sweat

41
Q

metabolism

A
  • modified cholesterol converted to cholecalciferol, a vit D precursor then converted to vit D for calc absorp
  • keratinocytes enzymes can disarm many cancer causing chemicals that penetrate epidermis
  • activation of steroid hormones cortisone-hydrocortisone (anti inflam)
42
Q

blood reservoir

A

extensive dermal vascular supply 5% of bodies entire blood volume
when muscles need more blood, the NS redirects blood supply to them

43
Q

burn

A

tissue damage inflicted by intense heat, electricity, radiation, or certain chemicals that denature proteins in skin cells and destroy protection against microbes and thermoregulation

44
Q

first degree

A 
only epidermis is damaged
skin funct remain intact
redness, swelling, pain
heals in 3-6 days
ex-sunburn
45
Q

second degree

A

injures epidermis and papillary dermis (upper layer)
some skin functions are lost
blisters
skin regen in 4-6 wks if infection prevented
ex-grease, steam, flame

superficial-very painful/moist 7-21
deep-doesnt heal as well, lots of scar, treated like 3rd, req surgery/grafting, over 21 days

46
Q

third degree

A 
injures epidermis, dermis, and assoc structures
skin function is lost,
nerve damage-no pain
slow regen
req surgery/grafting
47
Q

fourth degree

A

most severe
reaches beyond subcutaneous tissue and into muscles, nerves, and bones
no pain, may be black/charred
ex-chemicals

48
Q

serious burns are life threatening because

A
  • lg water loss, plasma/plasma proteins might induce shock
  • bacterial infection
  • no thermoregulation
  • reduced circulation, decreased urine, diminished immune resp

facial burns-worry of suffocation
burns at joins-limit mobility

49
Q

extent of a burn is determined by

A

rule of 9’s

50
Q

burn is considered critical if

A

25% body in 2nd deg burns
10% body in 3rd deg burns
or 3rd deg burns of face, hands, feet

51
Q

basal cell carcinoma

A

78% most common
loc in stratum basale-rarely metastasizes to dermis/hypodermis
least malignant

52
Q

squamous cell carcinoma

A

20%
arises from keratinocytes of stratum spinosum
grows rapidly and metastasizes if not removed

53
Q

melanoma

A 
5% least common but most malignant
cancer of melanocytes
highly metastatic and resistant to chemo
req surgery and immunotherapy
30% of all melanomas begin in a mole
key to survival-early detection
54
Q

cancer

A

abnormal growth of cells which tend to proliferate in an uncontrolled way and in some cases metastasize
lose specified job

55
Q

signs to be aware of ABCDE

A 
asymmetry
border
color
diameter
elevation
56
Q

endocrine system consists of

A

ductless glands, isolated and clustered cells of the gut, and specialized nerve endings that secrete hormones

57
Q

neurons communication is limited to other neurons, muscles, and glands but the endocrine system is able to regulate any cell in the body to allow the following

A

maintaining homeostasis of blood and volume
controlling reproductive activities
regulating development, growth, metabolism
controlling digestive processes

58
Q

endocrine gland

A

any of the various ductless glands such as the thyroid, adrenal, or pituitary having hormonal secretions that pass directly into the blood stream

59
Q

hormone

A

blood borne substances/chemicals produced in endocrine glands that are involved in regulating a variety of processes
regulate metabolic function of other cells
lag times from seconds to hours
prolonged effects

60
Q

chemical classification of hormones

A

steroids

amino acid based

61
Q

steroids

A

fat soluble/synth from cholesterol
cross thru cell membrane
receptor located inside of the cell
binds to DNA_DNA transcription_MRNA_new proteins

62
Q

amino acid based

A

regulate cellular activities from cell surface bc it cant penetrate the plasma memb
receptor loc in the cell memb
G-protein activation
causes cell to produce intracellular messengers like CAMP (2nd messenger)
stimulates enzyme activity which produces a desired effect

effects
alter plasma memb perm
stim protein synth
activate/deactivate enzyme synth
induce secretory activity
stim mitosis
63
Q

stimulation of hormones synthesis and release can be done by

A

HORMONAL- release of hormone by another hormone
HUMORAL-hormone release due to blood changes
NERVOUS SYST-can turn on/off factors that affect endocrine syst

64
Q

why do hormones circulate to all tissues but only activate cells referred to as target cells

A

because target cells must have specific receptors to which the hormone binds to (either inside of the cell or on the plasma membrane)

65
Q

what is the master gland

A

the hypothalamus

bc it is in charge of the pituitary gland

66
Q

anterior pituitary gland

A

adenohypophysis
made up of glandular tissue
hypohphyseal portal system- no neural connection to the hypothalamus
VASCULAR CONNECTION
PRODUCES hormones
regulates the release of hormones by other endocrine glands

67
Q

posterior pituitary gland

A

neurohypophysis
down growth of hypothalamic neural tissue and infundibulum
direct neural connection w hypothalamus
for STORAGE of hormones

68
Q

heart

A

produces atrial natriuretic peptide ANP
targets the kidney
decreases the amount of sodium ions in the blood, lost in the urine,
reduces blood pressure and volume

69
Q

gastrointestinal tract

A

enteroendocrine cells that release local acting digestive hormones to regulate a wide variety of digestive functions

70
Q

placenta

A

temporary endocrine gland

releases estrogen and progesterone that sustains the pregnancy

71
Q

kidneys

A

secrete erythropoietin which signals the production of RBC

72
Q

skin

A

produces cholecalciferol the precursor of vit D

73
Q

bone

A

osteocalcin

improves glucose handling by increasing the production of insulin and reduces body fat

anatomy and physiology 1 (8 decks)

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