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anatomy and physiology 1 > Overview of the Nervous System and the CNS > Flashcards

Overview of the Nervous System and the CNS Flashcards

1
Q

central nervous syst

A

the brain and spinal cord

integration/command center

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2
Q

peripheral nervous system

A

axons outside the CNS

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3
Q

PNS sensory/afferent fibers

A

carry impulses from skin, muscles, joints, special senses (somatic afferent), and visceral organs (visceral afferent) to the brain

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4
Q

PNS motor/efferent fibers

A

exit the CNS to the effectors

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5
Q

PNS motor/efferent SOMATIC

A

somatic motor fibers for voluntary ctrl of skel muscles

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6
Q

PNS motor/efferent AUTONOMIC

A

visceral nerve fibers for involuntary ctrl of smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands
sympathetic
parasympathetic

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7
Q

how the nervous system communicates

A

thru electrical and chemical signals that are rapid and specific and usually cause immediate response

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8
Q

CNS neuroglia ASTROCYTES

A

highly branched star cells
most abundant and versatile
cling to neurons and synaptic endings, cover capillaries they support the neurons and anchor them to nutrient supplies
ctrl chem envt by regulating ionic composition of CNS extracellular fluid
can pick up neurotrans and remove them from synapse

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9
Q

CNS neuroglia MICROGLIA

A

brain macrophages that monitor the health of neurons and clean up the micro organisms (immune funct) or dead nerve cell debris

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10
Q

there are no _________ in the CNS so the brain needs microglia

A

T or B cells

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11
Q

CNS neuroglia EPENDYMAL CELLS

A

line the central cavities of the brain/cord

some are ciliated to help circulate CSF

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12
Q

CNS neuroglia OLIGODENDROCYTES

A

branched cells that wrap CNS nerve fibers and produce myelin sheaths around many axons

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13
Q

PNS neruoglia SCHWANN CELLS

A

surround and form myelin sheaths in PNS fibers

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14
Q

PNS neuroglia SATELLITE CELLS

A

thought to act as PNS astrocytes

found around neurons in cord (dorsal root ganglion), autonomic ganglia, and schwann cells

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15
Q

cell body

A

major biosynthetic center contains nucleus, nucleolus, well dev nissl bodies (rough ER), and axon hillock
it is the focal pt for outgrowth of neuronal processes

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16
Q

clusters of CNS cell bodies

A

nucleus

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17
Q

clusters of PNS cell bodies

A

ganglion

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18
Q

dendrites

A

short branched processes that provide enormous surface area for receiving signals from other neurons

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19
Q

axons

A

long processes that arise from the hillock and ends in many terminals
generates and transmits AP and secretes neurotransmitters at the terminals

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20
Q

bundles of axons in CNS

A

tract

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21
Q

bundles of axons in PNS

A

nerves

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22
Q

myelin sheath

A

whitish fatty protein lipid sheath around most long axons that protects it and electrically insulates from others and increases transmission speed

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23
Q

nodes of ranvier

A

gaps in the sheath bt adj schwann cells/oligodendrocytes that produce saltatory/jumping of the action potential
where voltage gated Na+ channels are concentrated

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24
Q

myelination in PNS

A

each schwann cell forms 1 segment as it coils itself around axon w plasma membrane
sheath= concentric layers of membrane
neurilemma=remaining nucleus/cytoplasm that was forced towards the end

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25
Q

CNS myelination

A

oligodendrocytes coil around up to 6 axons at a time forming segments
lack an outerlayer of perinuclear cyto because cell extensions do coiling and squeezed out cytoplasm is forced back to the centrally located nucleus

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26
Q

myelinated neurons

A

covered in a whitish protein lipid sheath

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27
Q

unmyelinated neurons

A

surrounded by a non coiled schwann cell that only lightly covers to protect small diameter axons
causes slower action potential and no jumping

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28
Q

unipolar neurons

A

single short process that transmits impulses towards the CNS

typically sensory neurons in the skin

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29
Q

bipolar neurons

A

2 processes an axon and a dendrite
sensory neurons that transmit impulses towards the CNS
found only in retina and olfactory mucosa

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30
Q

multipolar neurons

A

3+ processes
most common type of neuron, major neuron in CNS
motor neurons+ interneurons that carry impulses away from the CNS

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31
Q

graded potential

A

ORIGIN: dendrites/cell bodies moves in both directions
TYPE OF CHANNEL: mechanical/chemical
PROPAGATION: small distances/short lived
AMPLITUDE: depend on strength of stimulus no more than 50mv decrease in intensity as carried
POLARITY: hyperpol (inhibits) depol (excites)

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32
Q

Action potential

A 
ORIGIN: axon hillock in one direction
TYPE OF CHANNEL: voltage gated Na+
PROPAGATION: long distances- remain strong
AMPLITUDE: all or none 100mv
POLARITY: depol thru repol phase
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33
Q

conduction velocity of the axon depends on

A 
axon diameter (larger the faster; less resistance)
myelination (saltatory conduction; prevents leakage of ions; insulates AP)
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34
Q

synapse

A 
connections bt neurons thru which info flows from one neuron to another
presynaptic neuron (release of neurotrans/ info sender)
postsynaptic neuron (binds neurotrans/recieves info) results in graded potentials
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35
Q

electrical synapse

A

common during dev but disappear later in life
connected thru GAP JUNX for extra fast trans
syncronization-important in funct that require instantaneous resp like reflexes and pace makers

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36
Q

chemical syapse

A

specialized for the release/reception of neurotrans
composed of axon terminal of presynaptic (synaptic vesicles) and the receptor region of post synaptic neurons dendrites
synaptic cleft prevents nerve impulses from directly passing from one neuron to the next (ensures it is a chemical event for unidirectional transfer bt neurons

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37
Q

process of chemical transmission across a synapse

A

neurotransmitter is released into the synaptic cleft. crosses and binds to receptors of post synaptic neurons
post synaptic neuron membrane permeability changes causing excitatory/inhibitory effect (graded potential)

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38
Q

Excitatory Post Synaptic Potentials (EPSP) graded pot

A

POLARITY: depolarization
CHANGE IN MM POT: more +
ION MVMT: more Na+ in, less K+ out
CHANCES OF AP: increased

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39
Q

Inhibitory Post Synaptic Potentials (IPSP) graded pot

A

POLARITY: hyperpolarization
CHANGE IN MM POT: more -
ION MVMT: Cl- in, K+ out
CHANCES OF AP: decreased

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40
Q

EPSP cannot generate a single AP because

A

it is not enough to reach the threshold need at least 2 or more to reach AP

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41
Q

neurotransmitter

A

chem used for neuronal communication w the body and brain (language of the nervous system)
excitatory neurotrans cause depol
inhibitory neurotrans cause hyperpol
both cause excitatory/inhibitory

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42
Q

GABA

A

amino acid
main inhibitory neurotrans of brain
significant mood modulator, helps neurons recover after transmission, reduces anxiety and stress

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43
Q

glutamate

A

amino acid
main excitatory neurotrans of brain
required for learning and memory
the stroke neurotransmitter

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44
Q

norepinephrine

noradrenaline

A 
biogenic amines
 excitatory/inhibitory
produced by adrenal medulla or dopamine
ctrls alertness, rest cycles, attention, and memory concentration
as a hormone-fight/flight
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45
Q

serotonin

A

biogenic amine
inhibitory neurotransmitter
found in platelets, mast cells, and 1-2% in brain
key to feelings of happiness, defends against anxiety, and depression
role in sleep, clotting, appetite, migraines, mood regulation

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46
Q

dopamine

A

biogenic amine
excitatory/inhibitory feel good neurotrans
in substantia nigra (high melanin cont very dark)
resp for motivation, interest, and drive
positive stress states (sex, love, music, excersise)
works w norepinephrine to supply energy to body in times of stress and delivering messages
increases urine/excess fluid-role in heart failure

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47
Q

nitric oxide

A 
Excitatory gas involved in learning and memory
artery dialating properties
promotes relaxation of smooth muscle
protects artery lining
causes damage in strokes
used in viagra
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48
Q

neurotransmitters cause their effect on other neurons by

A

chemically linked receptors (quick)
G-protein linked receptors- receptors+neurotransmitters activate G protein- atp is converted to cAMP
causes slow indirect complex, prolonged responses

49
Q

termination of neurotransmitters effects are caused by

A

reuptake
degredation by astrocytes/enzymes
diffusion

50
Q

ACH can be excitatory or inhibitory because

A

it depends on the receptor type on the post synaptic neuron
all neurons that stim skel musc are excitatory (nicotinic)
some in ANS can be E or I (muscarinic)

51
Q

why would a neuron not send an impulse after binding a neurotransmitter

A

because it might not be enough or it could be inhibitory

52
Q

gyrus

A

ridges of the brain that triple the surface area
precentral gyrus
postcentral gyrus

53
Q

sulcus

A

shallow grooves
central sulcus- bordered by pre/post central gyri and separates the frontal/parietal lobes
parieto occipital sulcus: separates parietal/occip lobes
lateral sulcus: separates parietal/temporal lobes

54
Q

fissure

A

deep grooves
longitudinal fissure: separates hemispheres
transverse fissure: separates hemispheres from cerebellum

55
Q

deep sulci divide the hemispheres into 5 lobes of the brain

A 
frontal
parietal
temporal
occipital
insula (inside)
56
Q

white matter of the brain

A

deep myelinated fibers and their tracts

responsible for communication between cerebral cortex and lower CNS center and areas of cerebrum

57
Q

gray matter of the brain

A

superficial cortex of cell bodies arranged in 6 layers
has dendrites/glial cells/bv to enable sensation, communication, memory, understanding and voluntary movements
no pain in superficial cortex

58
Q

gray matter of brain (basal nuclei)

A 
islands of gray matter imbedded deep within the white matter
function in muscle tone, attention, cognition, slow movements, habit formation, and role in OCD
59
Q

white matter in spinal cord

A

surrounds the gray matter

60
Q

gray matter in spinal cord

A

butterfly like central shape surrounded by white matter at its circumference
contains soma, unmyelinated processes, and neuroglia
connected by gray commissure and encloses cc
has 3 horns (dorsal, ventral, lateral)

61
Q

cerebral hemispheres

A

CORTEX
WHITE MATTER- commissures, association fibers, projection fibers
BASAL NUCLEI

62
Q

diencephalon

A

THALAMUS
EPITHALAMUS
HYPOTHALAMUS

63
Q

brain stem

A

MIDBRAIN
PONS
MEDULLA OBLONGATA

64
Q

cerebellum

A

arbor vitae

65
Q

anatomy of cerebral hemispheres

A

cortex of gray matter, internal white matter, basal nuclei

66
Q

cerebral dominance

A

hemisphere that is dominant for language determines which hemisphere is dominant
usually ppl w left cerebral dominance are left handed

67
Q

cerebral white matter

A

deep myelinated fibers and their tracts
funct in comm bt cerebral cortex, lower CNS and areas of the cerebrum
tracts classified as commissures, association fibers, and projection fibers

68
Q

commissures

A

cerebral white matter tracts that connects the corresponding gray areas of the two hemispheres

69
Q

association fibers

A

cerebral white matter tracts that connect different parts of the same hemisphere

70
Q

projection fibers

A

cerebral white matter tracts that enter the hemispheres from the lower brain or cord centers

71
Q

function of basal nuclei

A

muscle tone
regulation of cognition/attention
ctrl intensity of slow mvmts (arm swinging)
habit formation and ocd

72
Q

parts of the diencephalon

A

central core of the forebrain

thalamus, epithalamus, hypothalamus

73
Q

thalamus

A

part of diencephalon
inner room/gateway relay station to cerebral cortex
mediates sensation, motor activities, cortical arousal, learning, and memory

74
Q

hypothalamus

A

part of diencephalon
most important homeostatic part
loc below the thalamus/caps brain stem
main visceral ctrl center of the body- reg bp, heartbeat, digestion, breathing, hunger, sleep
heart of limbic syst/center for emotional response-pleasure, fear, rage
endocrine funct-release hormones for pituitary, produce ADH and oxytocin

75
Q

epithalamus

A

part of diencephalon-most dorsal portion; forms roof of third ventricle
pineal gland secretes melatonin involved w sleep/wake and mood

76
Q

parts of brain stem

A

ctrls autonomic behaviors for survival and provides pathway for tracts bt higher and lower brain centers
midbrain
pons
medulla oblongata

77
Q

midbrain

A

part of brain stem loc bt diencephalon and pons
cranial nerves III (oculomotor) and IV (trochlear)
cerebral peduncles little feet w motor tracts
corpora quadrigemina- visual reflex, startle reflex, auditory relay center
substantia nigra-linked to basal nuclei

78
Q

pons

A

bulging bridge region of the brain stem between midbrain and medulla oblongata
nuclei to ctrl bp
deep fibers- connect higher brain centers w cord
superficial fibers- relay impulses bt motor cortex and cerebellum
cranial nerves V (trigeminal), VI (abducens), VII (facial), VIII (vestibulocochlear)

79
Q

medulla oblongata

A

most inferior part of the brain stem
cranial nerves IX (glosopharyngeal), X (vagus), XI (accessory), XII (hypoglossal)
cardiovascular ctrl center, resp center
reg vomiting, hiccupping, swallows, coughs, sneezing

80
Q

cerebellum

A

called the small brain
largest part of the brain where activity occurs subconsciously
provides precise timing and approp patterns of skeletal musc contract
blueprint of coordinated mvmt
evaluates how well mvmt initiated by motor areas in cerebrum is carried out

81
Q

limbic system

A

primitive emotional brain located on medial aspects of cerebral hemispheres and diencephalon
connected thru fornix
collectively process and experience emotions/ resp to odors
interacts w prefrontal cortex feeling and thought

82
Q

amygdala-limbic

A

anger, danger, fear responses

83
Q

hippocampus-limbic

A

where memory/new information goes to solidify in permanent storage areas of the cortex
ability to generate new brain cells (neurogenesis)
connected by fornix to other diencephalon limbic system

84
Q

reticular activating system (RAS)

A

responsible for alerting the cerebrum to incoming sensory information
keeps cerebrum conscious and alert
filters repetitive and weak stimuli- strong impulses reach consciousness and play role in alertness and sleep
damage can cause irreversible coma

85
Q

neuroglia

A

more abundant than neurons
non-neuronal
non-excitable

86
Q

char of neurons

A

long lived- 100+yrs w good nutrition
no centrioles-amitotic (except olfactory epithelium+ hippocampus)
high metabolic rate requires high amt 02
plasma memb funct mainly in electrical signaling
produce AP to be carried along length of axon
always the same regardless of stimulus or sorce

87
Q

most neuron bodies loc in CNS or vert column

A

to be protected

88
Q

ElectroEncephaloGram EEG

A

printed report of the brains electrical activity measured by placing electrodes on the scalp

89
Q

alpha waves

A

regular, rhythmic, low amplitude, synchronous waves

in healthy awake but relaxed adults resting with eyes closed

90
Q

beta waves

A

rhythmic, less regular waves

occur when mentally alert, concentrating, under stress/tension

91
Q

theta waves

A

irregular waves
common in kids, intensely frustrated adults
transient during sleep

92
Q

delta waves

A

high amplitude waves of deep sleep

or during anesthesia, or when RAS is damaged

93
Q

stages of memory

A

short term/working

long term

94
Q

short term memory

A

temporary holding of seven plus/minus one pieces of information

95
Q

long term memory

A

limitless capacity of near permanent memory storage

96
Q

factors affecting stm-ltm transfer

A

emotional state- alert, motivated, aroused, suprised
rehearsal- repetition and practice
assoc- tied w old memories
automatic-subconcious ltm info

97
Q

dura mater

A

strongest meninx- 2 layer fibrous ct
periosteal layer- attached to skull
meningeal layer- external brain covering

98
Q

arachnoid mater

A

middle meninx forming loose covering
lg subarachnoid space below filled w CSF and large bv
villi protrude superiorly and allow CSF to be absorbed in venus blood

99
Q

pia mater

A

deepest meninx
delicate and transparent
clings tight to brain richly invested w sm bv

100
Q

functions of the meninges

A

cover and protect the CNS
protect/enclose bv and sinuses
form partitions in the skull

101
Q

cerebrospinal fluid

A

watery solution similar to blood plasma-made from blood filtration in choroid plexus but with less protien and diff ion conc
loc bt arachnoid+pia mater
circulates freely thru ventricles and central canal
bathes outer surfaces of brain and cord

102
Q

functions of CSF

A

liquid cushion for buoyancy of CNS organs
reduces brain weight 97% and prevents brain from crushing under its own weight
protects CNS from blows and other trauma
nourishes the brain

103
Q

blood brain barrier

A

selective barrier made up of continuous capillaries and astrocytes that make it difficult for chemicals to get into the blood thru plasma memb
shields brain from harmful substances

104
Q

why is blood brain barrier absent in places like vomiting center and hypothalamus

A

allows these areas to monitor the chemical composition of the blood

105
Q

the blood brain barrier is ineffective against substances that can diffuse thru plasmas membranes like

A

alcohol, nicotine, caffine

and if stressed it is easier for other chemicals to pass thru

106
Q

functions of the spinal cord

A

provide 2 way communication to and from the brain
carries sensory info from somatic and autonomic PNS to the brain
carries motor info from brain to effectors
minor reflex center for withdraw and stretch

107
Q

protections of the spinal cord

A

bone, meninges, csf
epidural space- fat and veins bt vertebrae and dura mater for cushioning
filum termninale- fibrous extension of the pia mater that anchors the spinal cord to the coccyx

108
Q

anterior median fissure

A

separates anterior funiculi

109
Q

posterior median sulcus

A

divides posterior funiculi

110
Q

gray matter

A

soma, unmyelinated axons, neuroglia

gray commissure connects masses of gray matter and encloses the central canal

111
Q

posterior dorsal horns

A

interneurons that carry sensory information

112
Q

anterior ventral horns

A

interneurons and somatic motor neurons that carry motor info

113
Q

lateral horns

A

only in thoracic and lumbar regions

contain sympathetic nerve fibers

114
Q

spinal cord ends

A

L1 or L2

115
Q

spinal cord size

A

1-1.5 cm in diameter
43 cm long in women 17 in
45 cm long in men 18 in

116
Q

conus medullaris

A

terminal portion of the spinal cord

117
Q

cauda equina

A

collection of nerve roots at inferior end of vertical canal

118
Q

enlargements of the spinal cord

A

where nerves serving upper and lower limbs emerge
cervical enlargement C3-T1
lumbar enlargement L1-S2

anatomy and physiology 1 (8 decks)

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