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Bio regulatory systems > PNS > Flashcards

PNS Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is the PNS divided into?

A

somatic and autonomic

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2
Q

what other words can be used to describe sensory and motor neurones?

A

Sensory- Afferent becuase they carry information towards the CNS Motor- Efferent because they carry information away from the CNS

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3
Q

What are the 12 pairs Cranial Nerves?

A

Optic Trigeminal Facial Glossopharyngeal Vagus Accessory Hypoglossal Vestibulocochlear Abducens Troclear Oculomotor Olfactory

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4
Q

How are spinal cord nerves organised?

A

31 pairs of spinal nerves that come from spinal cord segments and join up into collection of nerves called plexuses

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5
Q

What are the different plexuses of the spinal cord?

A

Cervical plexus, Brachial plexus, lumbar plexus, sacral plexus

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6
Q

What do somatic afferent and efferent nerves do?

A

Afferent- convey info from skin and skeletal muscle joints Efferent- convey information tpo the skeletal muscles

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7
Q

What is a dermatome?

A

An area of skin that is supplied by a single spinal nerve

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8
Q

What is a myotome?

A

Group of muscles innervated by a single spinal nerve

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9
Q

What is anaesthesia and parasthesia?

A

anaesthesia - no sensation parasthesia- change of sensation cause by nerve compression e.g pins and needle

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10
Q

What do visceral afferent nerves do?

A

They carry information from organs, glands and blood vessels to the CNS and are considered to be part of the autonomic nervous system

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11
Q

What is the viscera?

A

Thoracic, abdominal and pelvic organs

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12
Q

What does visceral mean?

A

organs

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13
Q

What can visceral efferent nerves be divided into?

A

sympathetic- innervate the viscera(organs) and periphery (vasculature and sweat glands) parasympathetic - innervate the viscera only

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14
Q

What is a collection of cell bodies called outside and inside the CNS?

A

outside- ganglion inside-nucleus

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15
Q

What is a network of interconnecting nerves called?

A

Plexus

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16
Q

Where are the cell bodies of ALL Visceral afferent fibres whether they are somatic or visceral?

A

In the spinal ganglia

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17
Q

where are the synapses of visceral efferent nerves?

A

in peripheral ganglian

18
Q

Give an overview of the PNS?

A

PNS -> afferent (sensory) ->general visceral afferents -> general somatic efferents ->efferent(motor)-> general visceral afferents -> general visceral efferents

19
Q

describe mixed spinal peripheral nerve structure?

A

Arranged in FASCICULI 3 layers of connective tissue Collection of fascicles is covered by external vascular layer called EPINEURIUM Individual fascicles are covered in PERINEURIUM Individual axons are covered in ENDONEURIUM

20
Q

How do we classify sensory peripheral nerves?

A

2 Classifications: One based on CONDUCTION VELOCITY- uses letter A,B,&C with A being the fastest One based on AXONAL DIAMETER- Uses roman numerals I-IV with I being the largest diameter and this type of classification is only used for SENSORY neurones

21
Q

Which neurones tend to have the fastest conduction?

A

Those that are highly myelinated and have a large diameter e.g Motor to skeletal muscles, sensory from muscle spindle

22
Q

Give examples of nerves that conduct more slowly?

A

Pre/post ganglioic autonomic fibres post usually sensory for pain and temperature

23
Q

How can sensory receptors detect external and internal stimuli?

A

External- via exteroceptors e.g. Pain, temperature, touch, presssure Internal- via Proprioceptors e.g movement, joint position OR via Enteroceptors- movement through the gut and blood pH

24
Q

What are the names of further sensory receptors?

A

Chemoreceptor(detector molecules which bind to receptor e.e. in olfactory bulb), Photoreceptors, Thermoreceptors, Mechanoreceptors (detect pressure)and Nociceptors (transmit impulses related to tissue damage and can result in pain if it reaches brain)

25
Q

What are proprioceptors?

A

a sensory receptor which receives stimuli from within the body, especially one that responds to position and movement. This is because the motor system has to know where in space body parts are in order to make appropriate movements.The sensory inputs (proprioceptors) inform muscles of there length and the forces being applied to them.

26
Q

What is an alpha motor neurone?

A

neuron whose body is found in the anterior horn of the spinal cord and axon travel to skeletal muscle to directly cause it to contract

27
Q

What are 3 kind of proprioceptors and there funtion?

A

Muscle spindles- detect change in muscle lengths Golgi tendon organs - detect changes in tension in tendons Joint receptors-Found in joint capsules and detect start and end of the movement

28
Q

What does a motor unit consist of?

A

Nerve comes from spinal cord and goes to muscle, it then branches out to innervate about 600 muscle fibres. The single neuron+all the fibres it innervates is a motor unit, if one motor unit is stimulated so are all the fibres within it

29
Q

How many motor neurons and fibres do humans have on average?

A

muscle fibres-250 million motor neurons- 420,000

30
Q

Where does the parasympathetic nerves supply come from?

A

Brain (brain stem) and sacral spinal cord segments

31
Q

Where do the sympathetic nerves come from?

A

only between T1 and L2 spinal segments.

32
Q

How do we describe what division of the autonomic nervous system the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous system are?

A

Parasympathetic- Craniosacral Sympathetic- tharcolumbar

33
Q

What are the actions of the parasympathetic vs sympathetic in the autonomic nervous system?

A

Parasympathetic- rest and digest Sympathetic - fight or flight

34
Q

describe brief break down of autonomic nervous systems?

A

Has visceral afferent and efferent parts Efferent part is split into sympathetic and parasympathetic Has pre and post ganglionic neurones

35
Q

Whats the difference between Preganglionic and post ganglioinc neurones?

A

Preganglionic-originates in the brainstem or the spinal cord Post ganglionic- lies outside the CNS in collection of nerve cells called the autonomic ganglia

36
Q

What neurotransmitter is released at pre and post ganglionic synapses

A

Pre- ganglionic synapses: acetylcholine Post ganglionic synapses: noradrenaline (sympathetic nerves) or acetylcholine (parasympathetic nerves)

37
Q

where is the sympathetic outflow to?

A

Organs and skin

38
Q

where do sympathetic pre ganglionic neurons travel once they leave the spinal cord?

A

sympathetic trunks (run vertically either side of the spinal cord inside the chest) It then synapses in one of the trunks and sends a post ganglionic nerve up into head,arms or down into limbs sympathetic cardiac nerves do the same but instead one it synapses i the trunk it travels to the heart

39
Q

If the sympathetic nerve is going to the viscera (not skin or heart) how does it travel?

A

Doesnt synapse in sympathetic trunk, goes through it and then straight to the organ. instead it will synapse on the aorta in the PRE AORTIC GANGLIA

40
Q

Which cranial nerves are associated with parasympathetic outflow?

A

3,7,9 and 10

41
Q

Where do sacral parasympathetic nerves go?

A

Pelvic organs

Bio regulatory systems (10 decks)

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