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anatomy > PNS > Flashcards

PNS Flashcards

1
Q

What routes do nerve impulses follow through the nervous system?

A

The nerve impulses follow routes through the nervous system called nerve pathways.

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2
Q

What do the simplest nerve pathways consist of?

A

A little more than two neurons that communicate across a single synpase

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3
Q

What is a reflex?

A

A relatively simple motor response that does not involve a large number of interneurons

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4
Q

What is another word for interneurons?

A

Association neurons

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5
Q

What is one example of a monosynaptic reflex?

A

The patellar or knee jerk reflex

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6
Q

What is a monosynaptic reflex use?

A

Uses one sensory (afferent) and one motor (efferent) neuron

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7
Q

What are most reflexes?

A

Most reflexes are polysynaptic

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8
Q

What does polysynaptic mean?

A

polysynaptical means involving more than two neurons

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9
Q

What do most reflexes involve?

A

Most reflexes involve the activity of interneurons in the brain and spinal cord

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10
Q

What happens in more complicated reflexes?

A

IN more complicated reflexes, impulses may travel up, down, transversely in the spinal cord

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11
Q

What happens when there are more synapses in the reflex pathway?

A

There is a synaptical delay in neural transmission at the synapses, and more time is required to illicit the reflex

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12
Q

What are reflexes mediated over?

A

Reflexes are mediated over simple nerve pathways called reflex arcs

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13
Q

What are the 5 essential components of reflex arcs?

A

Receptor, sensory neuron, integration center, motor neuron and effector

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14
Q

What is the receptor?

A

The receptor is at the end of a sensory neuron

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15
Q

What does the receptor react to?

A

The receptor reacts to the stimulus

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16
Q

What does the sensory neuron do?

A

The sensory neuron conducts nerve impulses along an afferent pathway towards the CNS

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17
Q

What does the integration center consist of?

A

The integration center consists of one or more synapses in the CNS

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18
Q

What does the motor neuron do?

A

The motor neuron conducts a nerve impulse along an efferent pathway from the integration center to an effector

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19
Q

What does a effector respond to if it is a muscle fiber?

A

An effector responds to the efferent impulses by contracting

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20
Q

What does a effector respond to if it is a gland?

A

If the effector is a gland it responds to the efferent impulses by secreting a product

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21
Q

What can reflexes be categorized into?

A

Reflexes can be categorized into subdivisions of the PNS (autonomic or somantic)

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22
Q

What are autonomic reflexes not subject to?

A

Autonomic reflexes are not subject to conscious control

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23
Q

What are autonomic reflexes mediated by?

A

Autonomic reflexes are mediated by the autonomic division of the nervous system

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24
Q

What do autonomic reflexes involve?

A

Autonomic reflexes usually involve the activation of smooth muscle, cardiac muscle (involuntary muscle) and glands

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25
Q

Are involuntary reflexes fast?

A

Involuntary reflexes are very fast and travel in milliseconds

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26
Q

What is the fastest impulse a involuntary reflex can reach?

A

A involuntary reflex can reach 320 miles per hour

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27
Q

What do somatic reflexes involve?

A

Somatic reflexes involve the stimulation of skeletal muscle

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28
Q

What does the stimulation of the somatic reflex involve?

A

It involves the somatic or voluntary division of the nervous system

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29
Q

Would motor nerves above an injured area may be unaffected?

A

Yes motor nerves above an injured area may be unaffected, where as motor nerves at or below the damaged area may be unable to perform the usual reflex activities

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30
Q

What is hyperflexia?

A

An exaggerated response resulting from damaged or diseased motor areas in the CNS

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31
Q

What is hypoflexia?

A

Hypoflexia is an inhibited response resulting from degeneration of nerve pathways, voluntary motor control, and other factors

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32
Q

What is the patellar tendon reflex or knee jerk reflex an example of

A

A monosynaptic stretch

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33
Q

Which division of the autonomic nervous system was active during the pupillary reflex?

A

The parasympathetic division was activated

34
Q

Where are single lens eyes found in?

A

Squids and Humans

35
Q

What are the 3 layers of the eye?

A

Sclera, Choroid, Retina

36
Q

Muscles attach to which layer of the eye?

A

The Sclera

37
Q

What is the sclera?

A

The outermost layer of the eye

38
Q

Why does the iris adjust the size of the pupil?

A

To adjust the amount of light entering the eye

39
Q

What does the lens do?

A

bends or refracts light rays so the rays focus on the nerve cells of the retina (controls light)

40
Q

What does fluid in the eye do?

A

helps maintain the eye shape and refract the light ray

41
Q

The anterior fluid is called the

A

aqueous humor

42
Q

the posterior fluid is called the

A

vitreous humor

43
Q

What is the innermost layer of the eye?

A

The retina

44
Q

What does the retina contain?

A

Rods and cones

45
Q

What is the difference between rods and cones?

A

Cones sense color while rods sense light

46
Q

What is the sclera?

A

It is the outer surface, tough, whitish layer of connective tissue. It is the most superifical.

47
Q

What is at the front of the sclera?

A

The cornea

48
Q

What is the cornea?

A

transparent section of sclera

49
Q

what does the cornea do?

A

Allows light into the eye

50
Q

why is the cornea transparent?

A

because it has to allow light

51
Q

What does vitreous humor do?

A

Allows the eye to maintain shape

52
Q

What is the vitreous humor behind it?

A

Behind lens (large)

53
Q

What is aqueous humor?

A

In front of lens (smaller), helps to give eye its shape

54
Q

What happens in the aqueous humor?

A

Circulation of essential materials such as ions, nutrients, amino acids and etc happens

55
Q

What does the conjunctiva do?

A

Moisten, cleans, prevents drying out

56
Q

What is glaucoma?

A

Damage of the optic nerve

57
Q

Where is the choroid?

A

It is in the middle and below sclera

58
Q

What does the choroid have?

A

Many different types of pigmented layers because of many different genes

59
Q

What is the front of the eye?

A

Iris

60
Q

What do Muscles within do?

A

regulate the size of the pupil (opening in the center)

61
Q

what does the lens do?

A

makes image on the retina

62
Q

where is the lens

A

toward front of the eye, held by ligaments

63
Q

where is the retina?

A

on the back of the eye on top of the choroid and it is the 3rd layer

64
Q

what does the retina have

A

it has photoreceptors

65
Q

what is the retina concentrated on?

A

fovea (sweet spot)

66
Q

where is the blind spot nearby in the retina

A

optic nerve

67
Q

what do rods and cones send?

A

Rods and cones send action potentials to the brain

68
Q

what are Rods

A

More sensitive to light, Detect shades of gray in dim light

69
Q

what are cones

A

color, less sensitive to light, allow us to see color in bright light

70
Q

Where does the sensory neuron transmit a danger signal through?

A

It transmits a danger signal through the dorsal root ganglion

71
Q

What type of fibers do dorsal roots have?

A

Dorsal roots have afferent fibers

72
Q

What does the interneuron do?

A

The interneuron in the spinal cord passes along the signal to a motor neuron that stimulates a muscle

73
Q

What does the efferent division contain?

A

The efferent division contains the central root and motor neurons.

74
Q

What does the afferent division contain?

A

It contains dorsal roots and sensory neurons

75
Q

What does spinal nerves connect to?

A

The spinal nerves connect to the spinal cord by two bundles of nerve fibers called roots

76
Q

What do the ventral roots contain

A

The ventral roots contain efferent motor fibers

77
Q

What do the efferent motor fibers in the ventral root do?

A

They carry information away from the CNS

78
Q

What do the afferent fibers in the dorsal root carry?

A

They carry sensory information from receptors to the CNS

79
Q

How many pairs of spinal nerves are there?

A

There are 31 pairs of spinal nerves

80
Q

How many cranial nerves are there?

A

12

anatomy (7 decks)

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