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anatomy > final test > Flashcards

final test Flashcards

1
Q

where does digestion begin

A

digestion begins in the mouth; both chemically and physically

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2
Q

what two structures are joined by the cardiac sphinctor?

A

esophagus and stomach

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3
Q

what causes heartburn

A

failure of the cardiac sphincter

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4
Q

which of the following occurs in the stomach

A

secretion of gastric juice

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5
Q

which of the following chemically reacts with pepsinogen to create pepsin in the stomach

A

hydrochloric acid

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6
Q

what do parietal cells produce

A

hydrochloric acid

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7
Q

what do the submandibular and sublingual glands do?

A

releases substances in your mouth underneath tongue

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8
Q

what is a saliva a mixture of

A

saliva is a mixture of mucus and serous fluids

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9
Q

what do serous fluids contain

A

salivary amylase

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10
Q

what does saliva do

A

moistens and binds food together into bolus

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11
Q

what is bolus

A

a ball of food and saliva mixed together

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12
Q

what does the mouth coordinate

A

ingestion, digestion and initial propulsion

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13
Q

what is ingestion

A

chewing mechanism, chemically w/ amylase

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13
Q

what is ingestion

A

chewing mechanism, chemically w/ amylase

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14
Q

does food absorption take place in the mouth

A

no food absorption takes place, but drugs and chemicals can pass through the oral mucosa

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15
Q

what is deglutition

A

swallowing

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16
Q

what does deglutition initate

A

propulsion

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17
Q

what is involved in swallowing

A

tongue, soft palate, pharynx, and esophagus

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18
Q

what are the two major stages of swallowing

A

buccal phase and pharyngeal esophageal phase

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19
Q

what are the differences in the buccal phase and pharyngeal esophageal phase

A

the buccal phase is voluntary and the pharyngeal esophageal phase is involuntary

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20
Q

what is the buccal phase

A

bolus is forced into the pharynx by tongue

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21
Q

what is the pharyngeal esophageal phase

A

tongue blocks off mouth, soft palate closes nasal passages, larynx rises to be shut off

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22
Q

what is another word for pharynx

A

throat

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23
Q

what does the esophagus do

A

squeezes food along the stomach

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24
Q

what does not happen in the esophagus

A

no digestion (chemical or mechanical) occurs, food just passes thru

25
Q

what are the actions of the muscles in the esophagus

A

involuntary and cause peristalsis

26
Q

what does the stomach do?

A

stores food and breaks it down with acid and enzymes

27
Q

what works together to make gastric acid?

A

chief and parietal cells

28
Q

what makes pepsin?

A

pepsinogen and parietal cells

29
Q

what does pepsin do

A

chemically breaks down proteins

30
Q

where do carbs get broken down chemically

A

the mouth

31
Q

where do proteins get broken down chemically

A

stomach

32
Q

what does the pyloric spinchter

A

prevents substances from stomach to leak

33
Q

what does the stomach do when its empty

A

collapses on itself and forms folds called rugae

34
Q

what is churning

A

when the muscularis extrena works with the third oblique layer of smooth muscle

35
Q

what is acid chyme

A

mixture of gastric acid and food

36
Q

what do enteroendocrine cells produce

A

gastrin

37
Q

what is gastrin

A

a hormone released that stimulates secretion of gastric acid

38
Q

what can bacterial infections cause

A

ulcers

39
Q

what are esophageal ulcers called

A

heartburn

40
Q

what happens from stomach to small intestine

A

propulsion goes from stomach to small intestine

41
Q

what does the enterogastric reflex do

A

slows down gastric activity, tightens pyloric sphincter, chyme fills duodenum

42
Q

what does the small intestine do

A

major organ of chemical digestion and nutrient absorption

43
Q

what is the longest section of the alimentary tube

A

small intenstine

44
Q

what re the three major structures of the small intestine

A

villi, mircovilli, circular folds

45
Q

what is the goal of villi

A

increase surface area for nutrient absorption

46
Q

what does the acid chyme from stomach do

A

mixes with bile and pancreatic enzymes

47
Q

what does the acid chyme do

A

raises ph of chyme from stomach

48
Q

what does pancreatic juice contain

A

enzyme rich solutions

49
Q

what are the enzymes rom pancreatic juices

A

pancreatic amylase, trypsin, chymotryspin, carboxypedtidase, lipids, nucleases

50
Q

what does pancreatic amylase break down

A

carbs

51
Q

what do carboxypedtidase, trypsin, chymotrypsin break down

A

proteins

52
Q

what does lipase break down

A

lipids

53
Q

what does nuclease break down

A

nucleic acids

54
Q

what is the livers sole digestive function

A

bile production

55
Q

where does bile enter

A

into s.i, and can be stored in gallbladder

56
Q

how does bile get stored in the gallbladder

A

cystic duct

57
Q

what is the action of bile referred to as

A

emulsification

58
Q

what does bile do

A

mechanical digestion of fats, and serves a role in fat soluble vitamin absorption

59
Q

what are the major functions of the large intestine

A

water reabsorption and elimination of indigestible food

60
Q

where do good bacteria reside

A

they reside in the large intenstine and gut

61
Q

what do these good bacteria do

A

metabolize remaining nutrients, produce gas, help synthesize vitamins

anatomy (7 decks)

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