Pneumonia

Question 1

Respiration?

Answer 1

Breathing + gas exchange with vasculature

Question 2

What is another term for pneumonia?

Answer 2

Pneumonitis

Question 3

Pneumonia?

Answer 3

Inflammation of the lung parenchyma (lower part of the respiratory tract) d/t microbes & other agents

Question 4

What can go into the lungs?

Answer 4

ONLY AIR

Question 5

Classification of pneumonia?

Answer 5

• Infectious form/ typical pneumonia
  [community acquired, nosocomial [hospitals etc], pneumococcal most common]
• non-infectious/atypical pneumonia
  [ex. inhaled toxic fumes]

Question 6

Typical pneumonia?

Answer 6

Caused by bacterial infection

Question 7

Atypical pneumonia?

Answer 7

Caused by something other than bacteria

Question 8

Etiology of pneumonia?

Answer 8

• any microbe entering the respiratory tract (bacteria, viruses, fungi)
• noxious fumes
• aspiration pneumonia
• community and hospital acquired
• often secondary infection when the pt is immunocompromised

Question 9

Aspiration pneumonia?

Answer 9

when anything but air enters the lower respiratory tract (eg. gastric content)

Question 10

What is the respiratory defence mechanism?

Answer 10

Mucociliary blanket

Question 11

Pathology of pneumonia?

Answer 11

Mucociliary blanket is compromised (could be d/t smoking, repeated gastric exposure, an immunocompromised individual) -> impaired respiratory defences -> agent enters lungs and inflicts injury -> infection establishes within the lungs -> causes inflammation -> tissue damage and pulmonary edema -> impaired gas exchange between alveoli and capillaries

Question 12

What are the 4 stages of pneumococcal pneumonia?

Answer 12

1. edema stage
2. red hepatization
3. grey hepatization
4. resolution

Question 13

Edema stage?

Answer 13

build up of fluid in the lungs; protein rich with microbes

Question 14

Red hepatization?

Answer 14

Capillary congested, polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMG), and RBC

Question 15

Why is it named “red hepatization”?

Answer 15

Red bc there is an influx of RBC’s and PMN’s and it resembles the liver

Question 16

Grey hepatization?

Answer 16

Occurs after 2-3 days, this particular stage is largely involved with phagocytosis. Macrophages come in, ingest the phagocytes and debris and the redness disappears, congestion subsides

Question 17

Resolution?

Answer 17

Recovery -> it is dependent on the success of treatment (eg. bacterial infection = involves the use of antibiotics)

Question 18

Manifestations of pneumonia?

Answer 18

Wide variation d/t age

• acute onset
• productive cough
• pleuritic pain
• dyspnea
• increased fever (relatively high)
• consolidation

Question 19

What does green/yellow/brown sputum indicate?

Answer 19

A bacterial infection

Question 20

Why does dyspnea occur in pneumonia?

Answer 20

impaired gas exchange causes SOB and laboured breathing

Question 21

Consolidation?

Answer 21

Solidification of fluid, cells, and inflammation

Question 22

Can liquid be expectorated?

Answer 22

No

Question 23

What must be present to diagnose pneumonia?

Answer 23

Consolidation

Question 24

Is consolidation scar tissue?

Answer 24

NO

Question 25

Are areas of consolidation functional or nonfunctional tissue?

Answer 25

Nonfunctional

Question 26

Diagnostics for pneumonia?

Answer 26

history & physical chest xray sputum C&S analysis -> looking for bacteria

Question 27

Treatment of pneumonia?

Answer 27

- Remove offending agent if not infectious - antibiotics if bacterial - supportive -> O2