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1D MIDTERMS > PMLS LEC > Flashcards

PMLS LEC Flashcards

1
Q

-Patient/client prep sample collection
-Personnel competency test evaluation
-Sample Receipt and Accessioning
-Sample Transport

A

PRE-ANALYTICAL

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2
Q

-Quality Control Testing

A

ANALYTICAL

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3
Q

-Record Keeping
-Reporting

A

POST-ANALYTICAL

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4
Q

THREE PHASES OF LABORATORY TESTING

A

Pre-analytical, Analytical, Post-analytical

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5
Q

-Test ordering, Specimen Collection, transport and processing

A

Pre-analytical

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6
Q

-Testing

A

Analytical

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7
Q

Result transmission, interpretation, follow-up, re-testing

A

Post-analytical

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8
Q
  • Test Request
  • Preparation of the Patient (INSTRUCTION and PRE-COLLECTION)
  • Consideration before specimen collection (TUBES)
  • Specimen Collection (WHICH METHOD)
  • Specimen transport, preservation, retention, and processing
A

PRE-ANALYTICAL

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9
Q
  • Ordering
  • Collection
  • Identification
  • Transportation
A

PRE-PRE-ANALYTICAL

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10
Q

The highest frequency of errors with high risk for patients

A

PRE-PRE-ANALYTICAL

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11
Q

Involves analysis and is less prone to errors

A

ANALYTICAL

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12
Q

Involves reporting

A

POST-ANALYTICAL

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13
Q

Interpretation

A

POST-POST-ANALYTICAL

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14
Q

FACTORS AFFECTING “INTERNAL QUALITY”

A

-ERRORS OUTSIDE THE LAB
-ERRORS WITHIN THE LAB

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15
Q

7 ERRORS OUTSIDE THE LAB

A
  1. Sample Transport
  2. Sample Handling
  3. Sample Collection
  4. Patient Preparation (Ex. Fasting)
  5. Requisition (Full Info)
  6. Patient
  7. Doctor
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16
Q

4 ERRORS INSIDE THE LAB

A
  1. Sample Receiving
  2. Analysis
  3. Results
  4. Reports
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17
Q

Analyte that increase or decrease at a point of time in a day

A

Diurnal Variations

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18
Q

10 Variations in Laboratory Determination

A
  • Diurnal variations
  • Physical Activity or Exercise
  • Fasting
  • Diet
  • Alcohol
  • Tobacco smoker
  • Drugs
  • Posture (Prone or Supine)
  • Tourniquet Application (Hemoconcentration if >1min)
  • Stress, Anxiety and Hyperventilation
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19
Q

Cortisol is increased ___________________ (TIME)

A

After 8AM

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20
Q

Serum Iron is increased in ________ (TIME) and decreased in __________ (TIME)

A

in AM (MORNING), in PM

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21
Q

Neutrophil is increased in ________ (TIME) and decreased in __________ (TIME)

A

in PM, in AM

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22
Q

ACTH, Aldosterone, and Insulin is lowest in ____________________

A

DAYTIME

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23
Q

ACUTE EFFECTS of Tobacco Smoking

A

INCREASED:
- Carboxyhemoglobin
- Catecholamines
- Cortisol

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24
Q

CHRONIC EFFECTS of Tobacco Smoking

A

INCREASED:
- Hemoglobin concentration
- RBC and WBC count
- MCV (Mean Corpuscular Volume)

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25
Q

Do not collect specimen from your patient without the _________________________________

A

TEST REQUEST FORM

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26
Q

Purpose of Test Request Slip

A
  • Screening
  • Diagnosis of Disease
  • Therapeutic Monitoring
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27
Q

Proper Specimen Labelling must include

A
  1. Patient’s Name
  2. Age
  3. Sex
  4. Room
  5. Draw time.
  6. Test names/ sections.
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28
Q

The adjusting of the machine in quality control testing

A

CALIBRATION

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29
Q

__________________ until ___________________ is included in the PRE-ANALYTICAL PHASE

A

Test Requisition, Centrifugation

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30
Q

__________________ until ___________________ is included in the ANALYTICAL PHASE

A

Post Centrifugation, Result of Test

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31
Q

___________________ is included in the POST-ANALYTICAL PHASE

A

Report of Result

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32
Q
  1. Generation of the Laboratory
  2. Final Evaluation of results (validation)
  3. Releasing of results (Transmission, interpretation and follow-up)
  4. QC performed (QC data from analytic phase is processed)
  5. Waste Management
A

POST-ANALYTICAL

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33
Q
  • Contain a vacuum.
  • Used with a vacutainer and syringe system.
  • Stoppers universal colored coded: indicates contents.
  • Have an expiration date.
A

Blood Collection Tubes

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34
Q

Color of The Tube used for Chemical Chemistry

A

Red Top Tube

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35
Q

 No additive
 Glass surface activates clotting sequence.
 Do not mix.
 Serum: use for TDM (Therapeutic Drug Monitoring)

A

Red Top Tube Glass

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36
Q

 Contain additive to activate clotting sequence.
 Contain inert gel SST.
 Do invert mix and initiate clotting sequence.
 Serum

A

Red Top Tube Plastic

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37
Q

Used for Trace Metal testing (Iron, Copper, Zinc)

A

Royal blue top Tube (Serum)

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38
Q
  • Contains clot activator and gel (SST)
  • Invert to mix and initiate clotting sequence.
  • SERUM
A

Gold or Mottled-red-gray Top Tube

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39
Q

Anticoagulant of Blue-top Tube

A

Sodium Citrate

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40
Q
  • Anticoagulant: Sodium Citrate
  • Binds Calcium
    (Color of Tube)
A

Blue-top Tube

41
Q

Contents of blue top tube must be on ______ if not analyzed for __________

A

ice, 30 mins

42
Q

Color of Tube used for coagulation studies

A

Blue-top Tube

43
Q

Anticoagulant of Green Top tube

A

Heparin

44
Q

Three formulations of Heparin

A
  • Sodium Heparin
  • Lithium Heparin
  • Ammonium Heparin
45
Q
  • Used for Most chemistry tests, STAT lab (PST)
  • Decrease time needed for blood to clot, Makes turnaround time better.
A

Green Top Tube

46
Q
  • Anticoagulant; EDTA
  • Binds Calcium
  • Hematology
A

Purple Top Tube

47
Q
  • Anticoagulant: potassium oxalate
     Binds calcium
A

Grey Top Tube

48
Q

Antiglycolytic Agent of Grey Top tube

A

Sodium Fluoride

49
Q
  • Light blue top tube with 2 yellow bands on the label
A

Fibrin Split Products TUbe

50
Q

Fibrin Split Products Tube - Contains _________________ which causes the blood to clot immediately

A

soya bean thrombin

51
Q

Two types of additive for Yellow Top Tube

A

Acid citrate Dextrose, Sodium Polyanethol Sulfonate

52
Q

additives used for:
 Paternity testing
 DNA

A

Acid Citrate Dextrose

53
Q

additives used for:
 Used for special blood culture studies.
 Inhibits certain antibiotics.

A

Sodium Polyanethol Sulfonate

54
Q

This Prevents coagulation

A

ANTICOAGULANT

55
Q

the main purpose of anticoagulant is to prevent the clotting process by interfering in the _________________ and to preserve certain ____________ and ________________ prior to testing

A

coagulation cascade, analytes, cell morphology

56
Q

Optimal Concentration of EDTA in the Blood

A

1.5mg/ml of Blood

57
Q

EDTA full name

A

Ethylenediamine Tetra-acetic Acid

58
Q

EDTA mode of action

A

Removes ionized calcium through the process of chelation

59
Q

EDTA is the Anticoagulant choice for hematology because:

A

 Preserves cellular morphology.
 Excellent for cell counting.
 Blood is stable for 2-3 hours before smearing.
 Prevent platelet aggregation.

60
Q

Disadvantage of EDTA

A

Causes cell shrinkage in excess

61
Q

EDTA that is spray dried; plastic tube; will not dilute the sample

A

K2EDTA

62
Q

EDTA that is Liquid Form; Glass Tubes (Dilutes the sample 1-2%)

A

K3EDTA

63
Q

Pink Top Tube uses what coagulant

A

K2EDTA

64
Q

; used in blood banking for blood typing; Rh typing and antibody screening

A

Pink Top Tube

65
Q

EDTA+SST Gel

A

White Top

66
Q

CITRATE mode of action

A

 Precipitates calcium into an unusable form/ non soluble complex; non-ionized form

67
Q

Citrate is the Anticoagulant of choice for COAGULATION STUDIES because:

A

Preserves the Labile Factors V and VIII better

68
Q

Contents of Blue Top Tube

A

0.105M or 3.2% Sodium Citrate: most commonly used (Blood to anticoagulant ratio 9:1)

69
Q

Contents of Black Top Tube

A

0.129M or 3.8% Buffered sodium citrate (4:1), For Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate using Westergren Method

70
Q

HEPARIN optimal concentration

A

15-20U/ml of blood

71
Q

HEPARIN mode of action

A

Accelerating the action of Antithrombin III, neutralizing thrombin and preventing the formation of Fibrin

72
Q
  • Isolated from liver cells and is known to be the naturally occurring anticoagulant
A

HEPARIN

73
Q

Two Commonly used forms of Heparin

A

> Lithium Heparin
Sodium Heparin

74
Q

Lithium Heparin may be used for most chemistry tests except _____________________

A

lithium and folate levels.

75
Q

Is the injectable form used for anticoagulant therapy.
Recommended for trace elements, lead and toxicology.

A

Sodium Heparin

76
Q

Color of Tube used for Lithium Testing

A

Royal Blue Top Sodium Heparin (Plasma)

77
Q

Heparin Concentration in Blood

A

0.2mg/ml of Blood

78
Q

Amount of Heparin for Blood Gas analysis

A

0.05ml per ml of Blood

79
Q

Tests using Heparin:

A

 Blood gas Analysis
 Osmotic Fragility test
 Trace elements and toxicology.

80
Q

Heparin does not affect ___________, and is preferred for ___________________

A

calcium levels, potassium measurement

81
Q

Heparin Produces ______ Background with ______________ after ___________.

A

Blue, Wright’s stain, 2 hours

82
Q

two types of Antiglycolytic Agents in Gray Top Tube

A

> Sodium Fluoride
Lithium Iodoacetate

83
Q

This Antiglycolytic Agent preserves Glucose for 3 days

A

Sodium Flouride

84
Q

This Antiglycolytic Agent preserves Glucose for 24 Hours

A

Lithium Iodoacetate

85
Q

Fluoride mode of action

A

forms weakly dissociated calcium components

86
Q

Two Forms of Flouride

A

 Sodium Fluoride
 Potassium Fluoride

87
Q

Fluoride Prevents ___________ because its fluoride forms an ionic complex with __________, thereby inhibiting the __________ dependent enzyme, __________.

A

Glycolysis, Magnesium, Mg++, ENOLASE

88
Q

Anticoagulant of Grey Top Tube

A

OXALATE

89
Q

OXALATE mode of action

A

combines with calcium to form an insoluble salt/ complex.

90
Q

Three forms of OXALATE

A

 Potassium Oxalate
 Ammonium Oxalate
 Double Oxalate (Combination of Both)

91
Q

Disadvantage of Oxalate

A

Distorts Cell Morphology

92
Q

Disadvantage of Potassium Oxalate

A

Shrinks RBC’s

93
Q

Disadvantage of Ammonium Oxalate

A

Swells RBC’s

94
Q

 Generally called the SSTs (Serum Separator Tubes) because they contain clot activator + separation gel.

A
  • Red/Gray and Gold Top Tubes
95
Q

 Most used for chemistry tests except for therapeutic drug monitoring, blood banking and immunologic reactions.

A
  • Red/Gray and Gold Top Tubes
96
Q

Clotting time of GEL SEPARATOR

A

30 mins

97
Q

Clotting time of Clot Activators

A

5 mins (orange top tube)

98
Q

Clotting time of Plain Tubes

A

60 mins

1D MIDTERMS (5 decks)

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