PMLS LEC Flashcards
1
Q
-Patient/client prep sample collection
-Personnel competency test evaluation
-Sample Receipt and Accessioning
-Sample Transport
A
PRE-ANALYTICAL
2
Q
-Quality Control Testing
A
ANALYTICAL
3
Q
-Record Keeping
-Reporting
A
POST-ANALYTICAL
4
Q
THREE PHASES OF LABORATORY TESTING
A
Pre-analytical, Analytical, Post-analytical
5
Q
-Test ordering, Specimen Collection, transport and processing
A
Pre-analytical
6
Q
-Testing
A
Analytical
7
Q
Result transmission, interpretation, follow-up, re-testing
A
Post-analytical
8
Q
- Test Request
- Preparation of the Patient (INSTRUCTION and PRE-COLLECTION)
- Consideration before specimen collection (TUBES)
- Specimen Collection (WHICH METHOD)
- Specimen transport, preservation, retention, and processing
A
PRE-ANALYTICAL
9
Q
- Ordering
- Collection
- Identification
- Transportation
A
PRE-PRE-ANALYTICAL
10
Q
The highest frequency of errors with high risk for patients
A
PRE-PRE-ANALYTICAL
11
Q
Involves analysis and is less prone to errors
A
ANALYTICAL
12
Q
Involves reporting
A
POST-ANALYTICAL
13
Q
Interpretation
A
POST-POST-ANALYTICAL
14
Q
FACTORS AFFECTING “INTERNAL QUALITY”
A
-ERRORS OUTSIDE THE LAB
-ERRORS WITHIN THE LAB
15
Q
7 ERRORS OUTSIDE THE LAB
A
- Sample Transport
- Sample Handling
- Sample Collection
- Patient Preparation (Ex. Fasting)
- Requisition (Full Info)
- Patient
- Doctor
16
Q
4 ERRORS INSIDE THE LAB
A
- Sample Receiving
- Analysis
- Results
- Reports
17
Q
Analyte that increase or decrease at a point of time in a day
A
Diurnal Variations
18
Q
10 Variations in Laboratory Determination
A
- Diurnal variations
- Physical Activity or Exercise
- Fasting
- Diet
- Alcohol
- Tobacco smoker
- Drugs
- Posture (Prone or Supine)
- Tourniquet Application (Hemoconcentration if >1min)
- Stress, Anxiety and Hyperventilation
19
Q
Cortisol is increased ___________________ (TIME)
A
After 8AM
20
Q
Serum Iron is increased in ________ (TIME) and decreased in __________ (TIME)
A
in AM (MORNING), in PM
21
Q
Neutrophil is increased in ________ (TIME) and decreased in __________ (TIME)
A
in PM, in AM
22
Q
ACTH, Aldosterone, and Insulin is lowest in ____________________
A
DAYTIME
23
Q
ACUTE EFFECTS of Tobacco Smoking
A
INCREASED:
- Carboxyhemoglobin
- Catecholamines
- Cortisol
24
Q
CHRONIC EFFECTS of Tobacco Smoking
A
INCREASED:
- Hemoglobin concentration
- RBC and WBC count
- MCV (Mean Corpuscular Volume)
25
Do not collect specimen from your patient without the _________________________________
TEST REQUEST FORM
26
Purpose of Test Request Slip
- Screening
- Diagnosis of Disease
- Therapeutic Monitoring
27
Proper Specimen Labelling must include
1. Patient’s Name
2. Age
3. Sex
4. Room
5. Draw time.
6. Test names/ sections.
28
The adjusting of the machine in quality control testing
CALIBRATION
29
__________________ until ___________________ is included in the PRE-ANALYTICAL PHASE
Test Requisition, Centrifugation
30
__________________ until ___________________ is included in the ANALYTICAL PHASE
Post Centrifugation, Result of Test
31
___________________ is included in the POST-ANALYTICAL PHASE
Report of Result
32
1. Generation of the Laboratory
2. Final Evaluation of results (validation)
3. Releasing of results (Transmission, interpretation and follow-up)
4. QC performed (QC data from analytic phase is processed)
5. Waste Management
POST-ANALYTICAL
33
- Contain a vacuum.
- Used with a vacutainer and syringe system.
- Stoppers universal colored coded: indicates contents.
- Have an expiration date.
Blood Collection Tubes
34
Color of The Tube used for Chemical Chemistry
Red Top Tube
35
No additive
Glass surface activates clotting sequence.
Do not mix.
Serum: use for TDM (Therapeutic Drug Monitoring)
Red Top Tube Glass
36
Contain additive to activate clotting sequence.
Contain inert gel SST.
Do invert mix and initiate clotting sequence.
Serum
Red Top Tube Plastic
37
Used for Trace Metal testing (Iron, Copper, Zinc)
Royal blue top Tube (Serum)
38
- Contains clot activator and gel (SST)
- Invert to mix and initiate clotting sequence.
- SERUM
Gold or Mottled-red-gray Top Tube
39
Anticoagulant of Blue-top Tube
Sodium Citrate
40
- Anticoagulant: Sodium Citrate
- Binds Calcium
(Color of Tube)
Blue-top Tube
41
Contents of blue top tube must be on ______ if not analyzed for __________
ice, 30 mins
42
Color of Tube used for coagulation studies
Blue-top Tube
43
Anticoagulant of Green Top tube
Heparin
44
Three formulations of Heparin
- Sodium Heparin
- Lithium Heparin
- Ammonium Heparin
45
- Used for Most chemistry tests, STAT lab (PST)
- Decrease time needed for blood to clot, Makes turnaround time better.
Green Top Tube
46
- Anticoagulant; EDTA
- Binds Calcium
- Hematology
Purple Top Tube
47
- Anticoagulant: potassium oxalate
Binds calcium
Grey Top Tube
48
Antiglycolytic Agent of Grey Top tube
Sodium Fluoride
49
- Light blue top tube with 2 yellow bands on the label
Fibrin Split Products TUbe
50
Fibrin Split Products Tube - Contains _________________ which causes the blood to clot immediately
soya bean thrombin
51
Two types of additive for Yellow Top Tube
Acid citrate Dextrose, Sodium Polyanethol Sulfonate
52
additives used for:
Paternity testing
DNA
Acid Citrate Dextrose
53
additives used for:
Used for special blood culture studies.
Inhibits certain antibiotics.
Sodium Polyanethol Sulfonate
54
This Prevents coagulation
ANTICOAGULANT
55
the main purpose of anticoagulant is to prevent the clotting process by interfering in the _________________ and to preserve certain ____________ and ________________ prior to testing
coagulation cascade, analytes, cell morphology
56
Optimal Concentration of EDTA in the Blood
1.5mg/ml of Blood
57
EDTA full name
Ethylenediamine Tetra-acetic Acid
58
EDTA mode of action
Removes ionized calcium through the process of chelation
59
EDTA is the Anticoagulant choice for hematology because:
Preserves cellular morphology.
Excellent for cell counting.
Blood is stable for 2-3 hours before smearing.
Prevent platelet aggregation.
60
Disadvantage of EDTA
Causes cell shrinkage in excess
61
EDTA that is spray dried; plastic tube; will not dilute the sample
K2EDTA
62
EDTA that is Liquid Form; Glass Tubes (Dilutes the sample 1-2%)
K3EDTA
63
Pink Top Tube uses what coagulant
K2EDTA
64
; used in blood banking for blood typing; Rh typing and antibody screening
Pink Top Tube
65
EDTA+SST Gel
White Top
66
CITRATE mode of action
Precipitates calcium into an unusable form/ non soluble complex; non-ionized form
67
Citrate is the Anticoagulant of choice for COAGULATION STUDIES because:
Preserves the Labile Factors V and VIII better
68
Contents of Blue Top Tube
0.105M or 3.2% Sodium Citrate: most commonly used (Blood to anticoagulant ratio 9:1)
69
Contents of Black Top Tube
0.129M or 3.8% Buffered sodium citrate (4:1), For Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate using Westergren Method
70
HEPARIN optimal concentration
15-20U/ml of blood
71
HEPARIN mode of action
Accelerating the action of Antithrombin III, neutralizing thrombin and preventing the formation of Fibrin
72
- Isolated from liver cells and is known to be the naturally occurring anticoagulant
HEPARIN
73
Two Commonly used forms of Heparin
> Lithium Heparin
> Sodium Heparin
74
Lithium Heparin may be used for most chemistry tests except _____________________
lithium and folate levels.
75
Is the injectable form used for anticoagulant therapy.
Recommended for trace elements, lead and toxicology.
Sodium Heparin
76
Color of Tube used for Lithium Testing
Royal Blue Top Sodium Heparin (Plasma)
77
Heparin Concentration in Blood
0.2mg/ml of Blood
78
Amount of Heparin for Blood Gas analysis
0.05ml per ml of Blood
79
Tests using Heparin:
Blood gas Analysis
Osmotic Fragility test
Trace elements and toxicology.
80
Heparin does not affect ___________, and is preferred for ___________________
calcium levels, potassium measurement
81
Heparin Produces ______ Background with ______________ after ___________.
Blue, Wright’s stain, 2 hours
82
two types of Antiglycolytic Agents in Gray Top Tube
> Sodium Fluoride
> Lithium Iodoacetate
83
This Antiglycolytic Agent preserves Glucose for 3 days
Sodium Flouride
84
This Antiglycolytic Agent preserves Glucose for 24 Hours
Lithium Iodoacetate
85
Fluoride mode of action
forms weakly dissociated calcium components
86
Two Forms of Flouride
Sodium Fluoride
Potassium Fluoride
87
Fluoride Prevents ___________ because its fluoride forms an ionic complex with __________, thereby inhibiting the __________ dependent enzyme, __________.
Glycolysis, Magnesium, Mg++, ENOLASE
88
Anticoagulant of Grey Top Tube
OXALATE
89
OXALATE mode of action
combines with calcium to form an insoluble salt/ complex.
90
Three forms of OXALATE
Potassium Oxalate
Ammonium Oxalate
Double Oxalate (Combination of Both)
91
Disadvantage of Oxalate
Distorts Cell Morphology
92
Disadvantage of Potassium Oxalate
Shrinks RBC's
93
Disadvantage of Ammonium Oxalate
Swells RBC's
94
Generally called the SSTs (Serum Separator Tubes) because they contain clot activator + separation gel.
- Red/Gray and Gold Top Tubes
95
Most used for chemistry tests except for therapeutic drug monitoring, blood banking and immunologic reactions.
- Red/Gray and Gold Top Tubes
96
Clotting time of GEL SEPARATOR
30 mins
97
Clotting time of Clot Activators
5 mins (orange top tube)
98
Clotting time of Plain Tubes
60 mins
