PM- Reproductive and Sexual Health Flashcards
encompasses the sexual knowledge, beliefs, attitudes, values, and behaviors of individuals.
Human sexuality
this part of our sexuality involves our physical appearance, especially the development of physical sexual characteristics; our responses to sexual stimulation; our ability to reproduce or to control fertility; and our growth and development in general
Biological Dimension
when does human-sexual erotic functioning begin?
begins immediately after birth and last a lifetime
what begins immediately after birth and last a lifetime
human-sexual erotic functioning
Although sexual activity is definitely physical, it also involves psychology—our sense of being.
Psychological Dimensions
who said that sexual behavior “is all between the ears.”
Dr. Ruth Westheimer
A major psychological factor that affects our sexual wellness
body image
this dimension of sexuality is the sum of the cultural and social influences that affect our thoughts and actions
Socio Cultural Dimension
who believes that people acquire and assemble meanings, skills, and values from the people around them
social constructionists
what are the six sexuality sources of Influences:
Religious Influences
Multicultural Influences
Socioeconomic Influences
Ethical Influences
Media Influences
Political Influences
public policy affects our sexual behavior. Even political elections—including choosing elected officials and voting on ballot initiatives—can have a profound effect on policies and on thinking about human sexuality
Political Influences
media help shape public attitudes on many topics—especially sexuality, sex roles, and sexual behaviors. The depictions of sexuality we encounter in the media are there mainly to entertain and sell products.
Media Influences
involves questioning the way we treat ourselves and other people. Examples of sexually oriented ethical dilemmas include the following:
Should I or should I not participate in a certain sexual behavior?
Ethical Influences
Examples of this influence include low-income individuals often thinking and acting differently than middle-class individuals, being more likely to engage in sexual intercourse at an earlier age, and having children outside of marriage.
Socioeconomic Influences
Your ability to respect your sexual partner’s cultural beliefs and feelings will result in a higher level of satisfaction for both of you.
Multicultural Influences
usually determined by birth and is related to country of origin, native language, race and religion.
ethnic background
refers to the degree of identification an individual feels with a particular ethnic group.
Ethnicity
Religious and spiritual beliefs influence feelings about morality, sexual behavior, premarital sexual behavior, adultery, divorce, contraception, abortion, and masturbation.
Religious Influences
is ordered toward the marital meaning. In fact, this union is necessary for the consummation of the marriage.
unitive
is the creation of a new human person, by the act of sexual intercourse, by a man and a woman. Marriage needs to be open to the possibility of having children. Sex is procreative
Procreation
the ability to enjoy and express one’s sexuality free from the risks of sexually transmitted infections, unwanted pregnancy, coercion, violence, and discrimination.
Sexual health
a term used to describe your pattern of emotional, romantic or sexual attraction
Sexual orientation
describes how a person identifies related to their sexual orientation Hence a man who exclusively prefers women will usually have a straight or heterosexual
Sexual identity
mental image or picture of self; includes body image, subjective self, ideal self and social self.
Self Concept
– how a person experiences his or her own body.
Body Image
expectations, and responsibilities that are considered appropriate for women (feminine) and men (masculine).
Gender behaviors,
is the inner sense a person has of being male or female, which may be the same as or different from sex assigned at birth. your internal and psychological sense of yourself as a woman, a man, both, in between or neither.
Gender identity
refers to the behavior a person exhibits, which may or may not be the same as the person’s gender identity or sex assigned at birth.
Gender expression
set of perceived behavioral norms associated particularly with males or females, in a given social group or system. For women (feminine) and men (masculine).
Gender roles
includes all of the human being’s genetically determined anatomy and physiology, which is also influenced by intrauterine conditions
Biologic Sex
begins at the moment of conception and continues through life.
Reproductive Development
Sex assigned at birth is generally determined at the moment of conception by chromosome information, which is supplied by the sperm that joins with the ovum to create the new life
INTRAUTERINE DEVELOPMENT
how many weeks does it take for external genitals to develop
about week 12 of intrauterine life
is the stage of life at which secondary sex changes begin.
Puberty / PUBERTAL DEVELOPMENT
what part of the brain stimulates synthesis and releasing for gonadotropin releasing hormone? (GnRH)
hypothalamus
what are the external genitals that develop in the intrauterine stage
penile tissue elongates,ventral surface closes to form a urethra
uterus, labia minora and labia majora
what part triggers the release of FSH and LH
anterior pituitary
what are FSH AND LH termed as
gonadotropin (gonad= ovary tropin+ growth)
FSH and LH cause…
androgen and estrogen, which initate secondary sex characteristics, but they continue to cause production of eggs and influence mentrual cycles
___________are the hormones responsible for muscular development, physical growth, and the increase in sebaceous gland secretions that cause typical acne in both boys and girls during adolescence.
Androgenic hormones
androgenic hormones is produced where
adrenal cortex and testes
adrenal cortex and ovary
closure of growth plates in long bones
adrenarche
level of the primary androgenic hormone, testosterone, is low in males until puberty at what ages
between 12-14
testosterone during puberty for males brings changes in the:
testes-scrotum-penis-prostate-seminal vesicles- male pubic axillary and facial, laryngeal enlargement with voice change, spermatozoa maturation, adrenarche.
for girls, testosterone causes:
enlargement of labia majora, clitoris, axillary and pubic hair
beginning of breast development is termed
thelarche
when does thelarche start
usually starts 1 to 2 years before menstruation.
what triggers excretion of the hormone estrogen
FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE. ovarian follicles in females excrete estrogen.
estrogen in females lead to
the development of the uterus, fallopian tubes, and vagina; typical female fat distribution; hair patterns; and breast development. It also closes the epiphyses of long bones in girls the same way testosterone closes the growth plate in boys.
the first menstrual period is called ___ anf average age occurs at________
menarche, 12.4 years old, or early as 9 late as 17
ovulation occurs how many years after menarche
1-2 years after menarche
what are the sequential order of the secondary sex characteristics (female)
-growth spurt
- increase in transverse diameter of the pelvis
- breast development
- growth of pubic hair
- onset of menstruation
- growth of axillary hair
-vaginal secretions
what are the sequential order of the secondary sex characteristics (male)
Increase in weight
Growth of testes
Growth of face, axillary, and pubic hair
Voice changes
Penile growth
Increase in height
Spermatogenesis (production of sperm)
what is the human sexual response cycles (four discrete stages)
excitement
plateau
orgasm
resolution
This stage, which is characterized by the body’s initial response to feelings of sexual desire, may last from minutes to several hours.
Excitement (also called arousal)
This stage, the highest point of sexual excitement, generally lasts between 30 seconds and three minutes.
Plateau.
This stage, the peak of the plateau stage and the point at which sexual tension is released, generally lasts for less than a minute.
Orgasm.
The duration of this stage—the period during which the body returns to its pre-excitement state—varies greatly and generally increases with age.
Resolution
what is the menstrual cycle
begins on the first day of menstrual bleeding and ends on the day before menstrual bleeding begins again.
what is considered an average menstrual flow and what is abnormal
2-7, 1-9
what is the interval between cycles in average and what is not unusal
28 days average; 23-25 not unusal
what is the avg amount of menstrual flow
30-80mL per menstrual period. saturating a pad or tampon in less than an hour is heavy bleeding
Color of menstrual flow –
dark red; a combination of blood, mucus, and endometrial cells
the odor of menstruation can be described similar to_____-
that of marigolds
is the cessation of menstrual cycles
Menopause
what is the normal sperm analysis count
Count 60million/ml; motility 60%; volume 1-6ml per ejaculate; ph 7.2-7.8
under optimal conditions how long is the lifespan of sperm
3-5 days
what are the phases of menstrual cycle
Pre – ovulatory Phase (Follicular Phase) – cervix is relatively close
Ovulatory Phase
Post-ovulatory Phase (Luteal Phase)– cervix absolutely close
On the first day of the menstrual cycle, these hormones are ____ and it causes shedding of the endometrium as menstrual bleeding
estrogen and progesterone levels are low
when ____ level peak, brain is stimulated to produce LH.
ESTROGEN
sudden increase of LH causes release of _____ a process called___
mature ovum, ovulation
the process of relasing of mature ovum is called
OVULATION
when does ovulation occur
12-16 days before next menstruation
how long does the egg stay up in the fallopian tube to be fertilized
24 hours
what can you expect during the ovulatory phase
The lining of the uterus thickens
The egg is mature and is finally released
The cervical mucus is wet, slippery, stretchy and clear.
There is a feeling of vaginal wetness.
The cervix is soft and open.
______ in the ovary produces estrogen in smaller amounts and progesterone in greater amounts
corpus luteum
what happens to the remaining follicles that underwent initial maturation
they are transformed into corpus luteum
Progesterone causes the following changes in the woman’s reproductive system.
- The cervical mucus becomes pasty and is no longer slippery and stretchy.
- The vagina feels dry (this type of mucus does not allow the sperm to travel into the uterus and prevents the sperm from living for more than few minutes to a few hours).
- The cervix becomes firm; the cervical opening closes so that the sperm cannot pass through the uterus.
- The basal body temperature increases and remains high for the rest of the cycle.
if fertilization did not occur corpus luteum regresses, and prog and estrog decreases causing menstruation.
.
When fertilization occurs, the fertilized egg produces what hormone?
Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (HCG) hormone.
Effects of HCG:
- The corpus luteum is maintained so that the estrogen and progesterone production is sustained.
- Due to sustained levels of estrogen and progesterone, the endometrium is maintained and menstruation is maintained and menstruation does not happen.
- The presence of HCG causes the pregnancy test to read positive
The reproductive and sexual organs form when?
early in intrauterine life
when does reproductive and sexual organs become fully functioning
puberty
The female internal organs of reproduction include
the ovaries, the fallopian tubes, the uterus, and the vagina.
The female external organs of reproduction include
the mons veneris, the labia minora and majora, the vestibule, the clitoris, the fourchette, the perineal body, the hymen, and the Skene and the Bartholin glands.
male external reproductive structures are
penis, scrotum, and testes
Internal organs (male repro)
epididymis, the vas deferens, the seminal vesicles, the ejaculatory ducts, the prostate gland, the urethra, and the bulbourethral glands.
finger-like projections at the end of the fallopian tubes
fimbriae
inner layer of the uterus
Endometrium
where does fertilization occur?
fallopian tube
prostate’s primary function
produce the fluid that nourishes and transports sperm (seminal fluid).
primary reproductive organ for male
testes
female counterpart for testes is:
Ovary
which contraceptive method
