(PM) ISS - Lists Flashcards
What should be the IS strategy if the business strategy is “Defender”?
IS for efficiency
What should be the IS strategy if the business strategy is “Prospector”?
IS for flexibility
What should be the IS strategy if the business strategy is “Analyzer”?
IS for comprehensiveness
To who should the CIO rapport if the business’ strategic positioning is “Differentiation”, for optimal result?
The CIO should rapport to the CEO
To who should the CIO rapport if the business’ strategic positioning is “Cost leadership”, for optimal result?
The CIO should rapport to the CFO
Which five Operational (mis)Alignment aspects exist, where imposition and deficiency can be applicable?
Process Data Role Control Culture
What is a deficiency?
The lack of something, or having to little of something
E.g. a system does not allow for a certain functionality
What is a imposition?
The forcing or requirement of something unnecessary
E.g. a system forces a business to take a certain step that is not actually required by the business
What five chargeback systems exist?
Cost recovery-Standard cost Cost recovery-Average cost Cost recovery-Flexible cost Profit center-Fixed pricing Profit center-Market-based pricing
What is the goal of a “cost recovery” chargeback system?
Recover the costs incurred
What two non-chargeback systems exist? How do they work?
Unallocated cost - The total IT cost is deducted in full from the organization’s profits
Simple cost allocation - Each BU is assigned a cost based on the BU’s size, employee, turnover, etc (so not based on true IT usage).
What is the goal of a “profit center” chargeback system?
To sell IT (and IT services) to the BU at a profit
What is ‘Standard costing’ (from Chargeback systems)?
Price is determined in advance of the use (via forecasting cost and demand)
What is ‘Average costing’ (from Chargeback systems)?
Total cost divided by total service usage per year
What is ‘Flexible costing’ (from Chargeback systems)?
Changing service cost based on the demand for that service. E.g. services that are in high demand are priced higher.
What is CMMI?
Capability Maturity Model Integration. It is a system used to determine the project management maturity of a firm. Generally it is assessed by a third party auditor.
Requirements are clear at the beginning of a project. There will be no or only small changes in requirements during the project. The client is patient.
Which Project Management method would you choose?
Traditional (Waterfall) PM
The project is exploratory of nature. It is being designed with a high customer responsiveness in mind. The organization has an innovative culture
Agile PM
Which aspects of Agile PM are fixed? Which are variable?
Schedule, quality and Cost are fixed. Scope is variable
Which aspects of Waterfall PM are fixed? Which are variable?
Scope and quality is fixed. Schedule and Cost are variable
What are the five steps in Waterfall PM?
- Requirements gathering
- Design
- Implementation
- Verification
- Maintenance
How does Agile work?
Agile could be described like sequencing a series of short (one or two week) waterfall projects together. It works by setting short-term goals and iterating over previous versions. In this, the schedule, quality and cost are fixed
Why is it that IT projects are often behind schedule and over budget?
Unclear requirements or changing requirements (the latter occurs often within government projects)
How do spaghetti systems come about?
Generally, through kludges of fast system development
What is a kludge?
Kludge is a quick-and-dirty solution that is clumsy, inelegant, inefficient, difficult to extend and hard to maintain.
But it solves the current issue at hand.
What are the key roles in the de-escalation process?
Messenger Exit Sponsor Exit Champion Exit Catalyst Exit Blocker Legitimizer Scapegoat
What are the bases of power in the de-escalation process?
Reward power Coercive power Expert Power Informational Power Legitimate Power Referent Power
What are the four phases in the de-escalation process?
- Problem recognition
- Re-examination of prior course of action
- Searching for alternative course of action
- Implementing an exit strategy
What are the four IT integration strategies?
Transformation - abolish all and replace with new IT
Combination - Combine best of both IT
Consolidation - Close all IT of one partner, continue with the other
Co-extistence - Use both IT, sync periodically
IT Governance can be centralized, decentralized of federal. Which governance archetypes exist?
Business Monarchy IT Monarchy Federal System IT Duopoloy Anarchy
Consider the ITG Cube. What ITG Board roles exist?
Monitor (review and approve fundamental operational and financial decisions)
Advise (source of advise and council)
Co-opt (meaning the board member uses their network to better the organization’s IT)
Assimilate (meaning to fully internalise crucial IT knowledge, so they are aware of risk factors and IT-related issues)
Consider the ITG Cube. What ITG Board functions exist?
IT Risk Mitigation (wealth protection by infusing accountability into the organization)
IT Value Maximization (wealth creation by unleashing entrepreneurship to deliver economic value)
Consider the ITG Cube. What ITG Board Mechanisms exist?
Decision-making structures (creating org. units such as committees that are responsible for decision making)
Formal processes (Create formal processes to be taken by the org.)
Communication approaches (Using reports, mission statements, newsletters, and similar information sources to propagate the principles and objectives of corporate governance or receive information)
Which four risk handling methods exist?
- Bear the risk
- Capitalize the cost of risk mitigation
- Mitigate ASAP
- Give lowest priority
How to communicate IT risk to non-IT personnel?
Talk about:
- Availability (keeping systems running)
- Access (managing authority)
- Accuracy (providing correct, timely and complete information)
- Agility (being able to make the necessary business changes with appropriate cost and speed
What four customer contact strategies exist?
- Defensive
- Accommodating
- Moderation
- Image Renewal
What is the ingratiation contact strategy component?
Making statements that are likely to make the stakeholders like the organization. Such as:
- Stating the firm has a strong history of data privacy
- Stating that the firm has a strong history of valuing the relationship with the stakeholders and the trust the stakeholder have in the firm
What are the nine customer contact strategy components?
Denial - Deny occurrence of incident
Excuse - Seek to minimize responsibility (blame someone else)
Apology - Apologize explicitly
Remedial Action - Take steps to repair or control damage
Ingratiation - Seek to make stakeholder like the org.
Justification - Seek to minimize Perceived damage
Correction commitment - Commit to correcting the cause
Stakeholder commitment - Commit to (keep) providing goods/services despite the breach
Value commitment - Reassure stakeholders that the firm is committed to its core values
What are the five phases in which a firm’s information strategy is formed?
- Turbulence
- Orientation
- Consolidation
- Exploitation
- Tension
Information Strategy is
Is a complex of implicit or explicit goals, visions, guidelines and plans with respect to the supply and demand of formal information in an organization sanctioned by management, intended in the long run to support the objectives of the organization and adjust to the environment
Which seven strategies exist to get a blocker’s approval? How effective are they?
Rational persuasion (B0 = 0.326) - Significant relation
Personal appeals (B1 = 0.338) - Significant relation
Consultation (B2 = 0.086) - Very weak relation
Coalition (B3 = -0.100) - Slightly negative relation
Pressure (B4 = -0.254) - Significant negative relation
Ingratiation (B5 = ?)
Exchange (B = -.299) Significant negative relation
What are the five hype stages of emerging technologies? What is their relative hype?
- Innovation trigger - Begins low, but increasing rapidly
- Peak of inflated expectations - Highest, but will decrease rapidly
- Trough of disillusionment - Lowest, but transitioning into medium
- Slope of enlightenment - Begins low, but transitions into medium
- Plateau of productivity - Medium, stays medium
How does (controlled) social media usage increase productivity and retention?
- Social media increases the amount of structural holes / weak ties within a social network (or between cliques)
- These weak ties / structural holes increase the likeliness of novel and non-redundant information (information richness) to be brought into the network
- Increased information richness leads to increased information diversity, and increased social communication
4A. Increased information diversity leads to increased productivity
4B. Increased Social Communication leads to increased retention (employees are happier in their work)
What are the three foundational elements of a IT contract?
Process ownership
Service-level objectives
Service-level contents
What are the four change elements of a IT contract?
Feedback processing
Future demand management
Planning of Innovation
Anticipated change
What are the four governance elements of a IT contract?
Communication
Measurement charter
Conflict arbitration
Enforcement
What are the three RELATIONAL governance elements of a IT contract?
Relational Strength
Harmonious conflict resolution
Mutual dependence
What are the two goals of a IT contract?
Trust and relationship commitment
What are the three aspects of relationship commitment in a IT contract?
Durability
Input
Consistency
What are the three aspects of trust (in a contract or in the CIO)
Benevolence (quality of being, wellness. trusting the other party will act in shared interests)
Honesty
Ability
What are the three aspects of relationship strength?
Solidarity
Information exchange
Flexibility
What basic service types exist?
Software as a Service Platform as a Service Infrastructure as a Service Traditional Service approach Off-the-shelf products
What is PaaS and what subtypes exist?
Platform as a Service
Subtypes: Framework-aaS, Runtime environment-aaS
What is IaaS and what subtypes exist?
Infrastructure as a Service
Subtypes: Operating System-aaS, Hardware-aaS
What deployment types exist?
Traditional approach
On-premise, IT service outsourcing
On-premise private cloud
Dedicated private cloud
Shared cloud
Public cloud
What are the four deployment attributes?
- Location of computer resources?
- Who owns the computer resources?
- Who manages the computer resources?
- Who else uses the computer resources?
What are the three basic vendor selection criteria?
Scalability
Robustness
Workflow management
What are the four additional vendor selection criteria?
- Probability that the vendor will deliver and supports the client
- Ease of adding, upgrading, and swapping components (upward flexibility)
- Ability to dictate contract terms
- Priority among other clients
What forms of business integration exist?
Horizontal integration
Vertical forward integration
Vertical backward integration
Virtual integration
What are requirements for virtual integration?
Trust between firms
Partner relationship management
Contract managers
A Partner coordination process
What are the three standardization enforcement strategies?
Voluntary compliance
Strict enforcement
Gradual migration
What is the difference between business process standardization and business process integration?
BP Standardization is the extent to which different BUs perform the same process the same way
BP Integration is the extent to which different BUs share data between related, but separate processes
How does innovation (with IT) come about?
- IT enables potential absorptive capacity
- IT enables realized absorptive capacity
- Realized absorptive capacity becomes ideated innovation when patents are requested
- Drawn from patents, product and services are developed. This is augmented by IT-enabled social integration
What are the five important categories of Technology Business Management? What is their relative perspective view?
Business Unit (1) & Business Capabilities (2) (Business view)
Products & Services (3) (IT View)
IT Towers (4) (IT View)
Cost pools (5) (Finance view)
What are the five archetypes in the TBM Journey?
Type 1. Transparency-driven
Type 2. Cost optimizer
Type 3. Portfolio optimizer
Type 4. Services provider
Type 5. Digital enterprise
(Rabobank) What are the costs of a service component?
FTE Cost per service
Direct Costs
Indirect costs from other service components
Related project costs
(Rabobank) What are the TBM Model layers?
TCO per Business Application Suit
TCO per (sub)Application
Tooling including allocation
Sources
(Rabobank) When reporting cost to the business units, what are the five detail levels?
Business Application Suite Cost
Application Costs
Trend per application
Cost detail per application
Server Level
(Rabobank) What are the four main challenges when managing 1500 applications?
People & Organization
Process
Infrastructure
Technology
(Rabobank) What are the five aspects to ACT! migration approach?
Planning, monitoring and reporting
Benefits tracking & Optimization
Acceleration and migration pre-requisites
Migration engagement & Promotion
Cloud organization, technology and process design
What are the two main aspects of CIO Business Competence? How important are they?
Organization Specific Skills (B0 = 0.716)
Interpersonal &Management (B1 = 0.363)
What are the four sub-aspects of organization specific skills of CIO Business competence?
Organization overview
Organization Unit
Organization responsibility
IT-Business Integration
What are the three sub-aspects of interpersonal & management skills of CIO Business competence?
Knowledge networking
Interpersonal communication
Leadership
What is business alignment?
The degree to which the higher level, externally focused business strategies are aligned with the lower level, internally focused business infrastructure and processses
What is Strategic alignment?
The degree the business strategy supports and is supported by the IT strategy
What is IT alignment?
The degree to which the higher level, externally focused IT strategies are aligned with the lower level, internally focused IT infrastructure and processes
What is operational alignment?
The lower level, internally focused operational level of alignment deals with how the business infrastructure and processes align with the IT infrastructure and processes
What should be the investment level for IS for efficiency for the following information system?
Operational Support Systems
Market Information Systems
Inter-organizational systems
Strategic decision systems
Operational Support Systems - High
Market Information Systems - Low
Inter-organizational systems - High
Strategic decision systems - High
What should be the investment level for IS for flexibility for the following information system?
Operational Support Systems
Market Information Systems
Inter-organizational systems
Strategic decision systems
Operational Support Systems - Low
Market Information Systems - High
Inter-organizational systems - Medium
Strategic decision systems - High
What should be the investment level for IS for comprehensiveness for the following information system?
Operational Support Systems
Market Information Systems
Inter-organizational systems
Strategic decision systems
Operational Support Systems - Medium
Market Information Systems - High
Inter-organizational systems - High
Strategic decision systems - High
What two types of misalignment can occur in operational alignment (between organizational- and IT infrastructure & processes)? What are the five areas for misalignment?
Imposition and deficiency
Proces misalignment Data misalignment Role misalignment Control misalignment Culture misalignment
What are the three important systems for IS for efficiency?
OSS, IOS, SDSS
What are the two important systems for IS for flexibility?
MarkIS, SDSS
What are the three important systems for IS for comprehensiveness?
MarkIS, IOS, SDSS
