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Question 1

Used to describe events or actions that had happened before other events or actions in the past.

Answer 1

This summer I visited Quebec (Cet été j’ai visité Québec)

The summer before, I had visited Montreal (L’été d’avant, j’avais visité Montréal.

Question 2

How do you form it?

Answer 2

Imperfect of avoir or etre - avais, avions, avaient, etc. or étais, étions, etc. +the past participle.

J’avais étudié - I had studied.