plots and revolts at home Flashcards
why did the northern earls rebel
- the earls and their followers wanted to make england catholic again. they especially resented the appointment of james pilikington as bishop of durham in 1561
- the earls had lost much of their influence at court under elizabeth. they resented the ‘new men’
- elizabeths refusal to name an heir, or to marry and have a child, created uncertainty. the earls feared civil war and loss of power and wealth under a future protestant monarch
who were the rebels in 1569-70
- charles neville
- jane neville
- thomas howard
- mary queen of scots
- ann percy
- thomas percy
who was charles neville
earl of westmorland- a major catholic northern landowner
who was jane neville
the wife of charles neville and then the duke of norfolks sister
who was thomas howard
‘duke of norfolk’, a senor noble and protestant, with family links to the old northern catholic families. he planned to marry mary queen of scots
who was ann percy
the wife of thomas percy
who was thomas percy
earl of northumberland, a major catholic northern landowner
what was the marriage plan
mary would marry the duke of norfolk, remove elizabeth and become queen herself. she told the spanish ambassador in 1569 that she “shall be queen on england in three months” and that “mass shall be said all over the country”
who told elizabeth of the revolt of the northern earls plotand what did it lead to
robert dudley. leading to norfolks arrest and imprisonment in the tower
why did elizabeth move mary to coventry
to stop her escaping to join the rebels
what are the 3 reasons the revolt of the northern earls failed
- support from spain never arrived
- many northern landowners remained loyal to elizabeth
- many landowners did not want to risk losing wealth gained from the dissolution of the monasteries under henry 8th by backing a failed revolt
what are the 4 significant things of the revolt of the northern earls
- it showed mary queen of scots could not be trusted- and she remained in prison
- the pope excommunicated elizabeth and called on loyal Catholics to depose her. this encouraged further catholics plots against her
- loyalty of englands catholics was now in doubt, forcing the government to take harsh steps against them
- elizabeths control over the north of england was strengthened
when was the revolt of the northern earls
1569-70
when was the ridolfi plot
1571
why did elizabeth and her privy council treat catholics suspiciously
the failure of the revolt of the northern earls and the papal bull of 1570
why did many catholics plot against elizabeth
earl of huntingdon implemented laws against catholics in the north of england
what was roberto ridolfi’s job
italian banker
who was ridolfi a spy for
the pope
what was ridolfi’s plan
start a spanish invasion and put mary queen of scots on the english throne. mary would then marry the duke of norfolk
when did ridolfi travel to the netherlands
march 1571
why did ridolfi get a signed letter by the duke of norfolk
because norfolk declared himself a catholic and pledged to lead the rebellion with philip second support
what did philip instruct the duke of alba
to prepare 10,000 troops to send across the english channel in support of the revolt
who discovered the ridolfi plot
sir william cecil
when was cecil able to prove norfolk of what crime and when
1571, guilty of high treason
how did ridolfi react to the crimes of norfolk
he never returned to england
when did parliament reconvened
may 1572
when parliament was reconvened what was demanded
the execution of both norfolk and mary queen of scots
when was norfolk executed
june 1572
why did elizabeth have to proceed cautiously
executing mary would further anger english catholics and possibly unite france and spain against her
what are the 4 significant things about the ridolfi plot
- it reinforced the threat from spain would support any plots against elizabeth
- the threat from spain meant that england needed to improve relations with france, as england could not fight both countries at once
- the government now began to monitor catholics more closely and to treat them more severely
- it confirmed that the english catholics and mary remained a threat to elizabeth
what did the two laws that were passed in 1581 mean
that families could be fined for sheltering priests and charged with treason if they converted people to catholicism
when was the throckmorton plot
1583
what was the throckmorton plot plan
the french duke of guise, a cousin of mary, queen of scots, plotted to invade england and overthrow elizabeth , free mary and make england catholic again
who offered to pay for the revolt
philip II
who approved the revolt
the pope
how would francis throckmorton and the plotters communicate and mary, queen of scots
pass letters
who discovered the throckmorton plot
sir francis walsingham
who was sir francis walsingham
elizabeths secretary of state
when did sir francis walsingham discover the throckmorton plot
may 1583
what did walsingham’s spies find at throckmorton’s house in november 1583
papers that revealed his part of the conspiracy
what was the significance of the throckmorton plot
- revealed extent of the threat posed by foreign catholic powers
- showed potential threat from france and spain
- showed the governments fears of ‘enemy within’
when was mary sentenced to prison
1586
what three things made sir francis walsingham important
- actions provided intelligence that defeated plots
- actions deterred plots against elizabeth
- intelligence unmasked the activities of mary
where did walsingham have his spies
every town
who trained and paid walsingham’s spies
government
who were the paid informants
these were often people who knew or were likely to know potential plotters against the queen
who was a paid informant
john hart who turned in return for a royal pardon
what other countries did walsingham have spies in
france. germany, spain. italy. north africa
how did walsingham make sure no one could understand his letters
he used ciphers (codes) for all correspondences. so his letters could be written in code and translated after
what did walsingham have to help him with the plotters
he had the means of decoding (deciphering) the codes of those who plotted against elizabeth
who was one of the specialist walsingham hired to help him
thomas phelippes
under walsingham, how many priests and supporters were put to death
130 priests and 60 of their supports
why was the threat of execution and torture effective
it provided walsingham with informants he could use against plotters
when did walsingham use torture and why
only in the most extreme cases as he did not want ordinary people to sympathise with plotters
what were the 6 reasons mary queen of scots executed
- she was involved in a series of plots against elizabeth
- walsingham’s spies had unearthed evidence that mary was involved with the plotters
- the spanish threat was real by 1587
- mary remained a rallying point for disgruntled catholics who saw her as the legitimate queen
- the pope excommunicated elizabeth, making mary an alternative catholic
- mary had a son who would be the heir to the throne
what were the 4 significance of the execution of mary queen of scots
- mary was an anointed monarch so executing her set a dangerous precedent
- the execution further angered spain and gave philip II further reason to attack england as mary left her claim to the throne to philip on her death
- the execution left elizabeth without an heir, increasing the chances of a civil war on her death
- the execution removed an important threat to elizabeth, as there was now no alternative monarch to replace her
