Players, Birmingham Flashcards

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1
Q

Players

A
  • Affects places in variety of scales: local, to countries
  • Individuals or groups who influences change
  • Public players: Gov, responsible for planning & investment, jobs, environment. Includes national and local gov
  • Private players: TNC, Businesses, Individuals (self employed). Primary goal, make money from investment
  • Private players have a specific focus or cover whole countries
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2
Q

Birmingham

A
  • 1086, poor agricultural place
  • First players to influence: Bermingham family
  • 1166 purchased royal charter —> market, grew in trade
  • Medieval Birmingham had metal work established
  • Black county supplied raw materials
  • 1563, sword works, anvils, power —> water mills
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3
Q

Industrial Birmingham

A
  • 15k pop in 1700
  • Many were migrants
  • Middle classes increasing
  • Different housing on status
  • Mathew Boulton, entrepreneur & engineer, 1st Factory in 1761. 700 employees
  • 19th century: gun, jewellery, brass, button industries
  • Cadbury family set bournville factory for workers
  • Financing, Bank, insurance, legal firms developed
  • Cannel developed
  • London to Birmingham rail 1838
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4
Q

1900 to 1950

A
  • Continued growth, first half 20th century, sustained economic growth
  • New engineering industries
  • Vehicle industry expended
  • 1917 dunlop tyre company employed 10k people, 1950
  • Survived great depression, inter war years
  • Continued pop growth via natural increase & migration
  • Large areas terraced housing for factory workers, walking distance
  • Middle class who commuted helped drive urban expansion
  • Transport: trams, busses, railways —> urban expansion
  • Until 1950, pop mostly white, male dominant employment, 60% had skilled jobs
  • Interwar suburbs: semi detached + detached, local authority housing
  • Inner city: poor quality, high density housing
  • Decades industry, pollution, Canals + rivers, no regulations
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5
Q

Post war

A
  • Unemployment <1%
  • Prosperous 1950 - 1960
  • 1970 - 1983, earnings fell, highest - lowest
  • 1982, unemployment 19.4%
  • Huge decline in primary and secondary sectors: Manufacturing,
  • Increase in Tertiary sectors: finance, law, education
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6
Q

Economic change

A
  • Caught in global recession 1970
  • Oil crisis 1973 most significant
  • Arab-Isralian war, Oil prices rose, Saudi Arabia held most of oil supplies
  • Suffering from overseas competition
  • 1970, vehicle industry decline
  • Foreign TNC, Japanese car company, cheep reliable cars
  • Some oversea manufactures based in UK, none in west midlands
  • Aim to attract FDI, create employment
  • Frequent strikes 1970, less appealing to investors
  • Small industries premises demolished, new ones build by gov
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7
Q

Housing

A
  • 5k homes destroyed, more damaged, WW2
  • 110k sub standard houses, post war
  • 400 tower blocks built in 1950 - 1960
  • 81k new dwellings 1945 - 1970
  • Redistribution of people, central zone cleared, residential land, migration to rural areas
  • Flows of commuters into Birmingham
  • Service orientated
  • Green belt restricted outward expansion, increase land value
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8
Q

Demography

A
  • 1950 +, lots international migration
  • Most Caribbean, south Asia, Far east
  • 58% white British, 6% Indian, 2.8% African, 4.4% Caribbean (2011)
  • Immigrants in cheap housing, good employment
  • Service sector, lot skilled jobs: cleaning, drivers
  • Religious buildings, ethnic shops, foreign banks, built
  • Relatively youthful pop 38%, <24
  • elderly 13%
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9
Q

Regeneration - Government

A
  • Attracting investment
  • Expansion of airport
  • National Exhibition centre
  • Improved international accessibility
  • City challenge, help places access funding
  • Birmingham Heartlands Development Co-orp (1992) regeneration, deindustrialised areas
  • Asked Europe Affairs team, promotion for funding
  • £235m from EU, funding insulation in social housing
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10
Q

Regeneration - Flag ship development

A
  • Planning, catalyst, socio-economic change
  • Public spaces dev in centre, refurbishments to town hall
  • Some funded by EU, international convention centre, conferences + symphony hall, orchestra, culture (1991)
  • National indoor arena attract sporting events
  • Universities 50k students
  • Wealth / spending
  • Improving service, Bull ring redev, major shopping centre (1960)
  • Pedestrianised streets, furniture, trees
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11
Q

Regeneration - Transport

A
  • Dramatic changes in 20 years
  • Main railway station £700m investment
  • area called Grand central shops, businesses contributed, 1k jobs
  • Previous scrapped trams, made comeback, midland metro, Birmingham to the west
  • HS2: £20b, London - Birmingham, 50min commute
  • Funded by gov, TNCs
  • M6 linking M1, M42 provides ring road
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