Players, Birmingham Flashcards
1
Q
Players
A
- Affects places in variety of scales: local, to countries
- Individuals or groups who influences change
- Public players: Gov, responsible for planning & investment, jobs, environment. Includes national and local gov
- Private players: TNC, Businesses, Individuals (self employed). Primary goal, make money from investment
- Private players have a specific focus or cover whole countries
2
Q
Birmingham
A
- 1086, poor agricultural place
- First players to influence: Bermingham family
- 1166 purchased royal charter —> market, grew in trade
- Medieval Birmingham had metal work established
- Black county supplied raw materials
- 1563, sword works, anvils, power —> water mills
3
Q
Industrial Birmingham
A
- 15k pop in 1700
- Many were migrants
- Middle classes increasing
- Different housing on status
- Mathew Boulton, entrepreneur & engineer, 1st Factory in 1761. 700 employees
- 19th century: gun, jewellery, brass, button industries
- Cadbury family set bournville factory for workers
- Financing, Bank, insurance, legal firms developed
- Cannel developed
- London to Birmingham rail 1838
4
Q
1900 to 1950
A
- Continued growth, first half 20th century, sustained economic growth
- New engineering industries
- Vehicle industry expended
- 1917 dunlop tyre company employed 10k people, 1950
- Survived great depression, inter war years
- Continued pop growth via natural increase & migration
- Large areas terraced housing for factory workers, walking distance
- Middle class who commuted helped drive urban expansion
- Transport: trams, busses, railways —> urban expansion
- Until 1950, pop mostly white, male dominant employment, 60% had skilled jobs
- Interwar suburbs: semi detached + detached, local authority housing
- Inner city: poor quality, high density housing
- Decades industry, pollution, Canals + rivers, no regulations
5
Q
Post war
A
- Unemployment <1%
- Prosperous 1950 - 1960
- 1970 - 1983, earnings fell, highest - lowest
- 1982, unemployment 19.4%
- Huge decline in primary and secondary sectors: Manufacturing,
- Increase in Tertiary sectors: finance, law, education
6
Q
Economic change
A
- Caught in global recession 1970
- Oil crisis 1973 most significant
- Arab-Isralian war, Oil prices rose, Saudi Arabia held most of oil supplies
- Suffering from overseas competition
- 1970, vehicle industry decline
- Foreign TNC, Japanese car company, cheep reliable cars
- Some oversea manufactures based in UK, none in west midlands
- Aim to attract FDI, create employment
- Frequent strikes 1970, less appealing to investors
- Small industries premises demolished, new ones build by gov
7
Q
Housing
A
- 5k homes destroyed, more damaged, WW2
- 110k sub standard houses, post war
- 400 tower blocks built in 1950 - 1960
- 81k new dwellings 1945 - 1970
- Redistribution of people, central zone cleared, residential land, migration to rural areas
- Flows of commuters into Birmingham
- Service orientated
- Green belt restricted outward expansion, increase land value
8
Q
Demography
A
- 1950 +, lots international migration
- Most Caribbean, south Asia, Far east
- 58% white British, 6% Indian, 2.8% African, 4.4% Caribbean (2011)
- Immigrants in cheap housing, good employment
- Service sector, lot skilled jobs: cleaning, drivers
- Religious buildings, ethnic shops, foreign banks, built
- Relatively youthful pop 38%, <24
- elderly 13%
9
Q
Regeneration - Government
A
- Attracting investment
- Expansion of airport
- National Exhibition centre
- Improved international accessibility
- City challenge, help places access funding
- Birmingham Heartlands Development Co-orp (1992) regeneration, deindustrialised areas
- Asked Europe Affairs team, promotion for funding
- £235m from EU, funding insulation in social housing
10
Q
Regeneration - Flag ship development
A
- Planning, catalyst, socio-economic change
- Public spaces dev in centre, refurbishments to town hall
- Some funded by EU, international convention centre, conferences + symphony hall, orchestra, culture (1991)
- National indoor arena attract sporting events
- Universities 50k students
- Wealth / spending
- Improving service, Bull ring redev, major shopping centre (1960)
- Pedestrianised streets, furniture, trees
11
Q
Regeneration - Transport
A
- Dramatic changes in 20 years
- Main railway station £700m investment
- area called Grand central shops, businesses contributed, 1k jobs
- Previous scrapped trams, made comeback, midland metro, Birmingham to the west
- HS2: £20b, London - Birmingham, 50min commute
- Funded by gov, TNCs
- M6 linking M1, M42 provides ring road
