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HEMA 2 LAB > PLATELET > Flashcards

PLATELET Flashcards

1
Q

Platelet Function Tests

A

Bleeding time
Capillary Fragility Test
Clot Retraction Time

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2
Q

Coagulation Studies

A

Clotting Time ( Slide and Tube)
PT
APTT

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3
Q

Primary hemostasis:

A

platelets

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4
Q

Secondary hemostasis:

A

Coagulation factors

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5
Q

process of forming barrier to blood loss and maintain blood in the fluid state

A

coagulation/hemostasis

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6
Q

2 Stages of Hemostasis:

A

Primary Hemostasis

Secondary Hemostasis

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7
Q

involves the formation of “platelet plug”

blood cells involved: ______

A

primary hemostasis

platelets & vascular system

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8
Q

formation of “stable fibrin clot”

blood cells involved: _____

A

secondary hemostasis

coagulation factors

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9
Q

the ability to constrict to prevent blood loss

A

vascular system

[components aside from platelets in primary hemostasis]

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10
Q

3 events that occur during primary hemostasis:

A

vasoconstriction
platelet adhesion
platelet aggregation

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11
Q

Not considered as cells; just fragments of the cytoplasm of megakaryocytes

A

platelets

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12
Q

where is coagulation factors come from?

A

plasma

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13
Q

Coagulation factors:

reinforce the plug made during primary hemostasis; not yet stable

A

Activated/Factor I - Fibrinogen

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14
Q

What coagulation factor stabilizes the plug?

A

Activated factor XIII

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15
Q

lysis of fibrin clot after the damaged sub endothelial tissue is complexly sealed and healed

A

Fibrinolysis

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16
Q

prevents obstruction of the flow of the blood

A

fibrinolysis

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17
Q

In fibrinolysis:
Plasminogen is converted into ______ because it will degrade the stable fibrin clot that is produced by coagulation factors in the secondary hemostasis

A

plasmin

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18
Q

physiologic process that removes insoluble fibrin deposits by enzymatic digestion of the stabilized fibrin polymers

A

Fibrinolysis

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19
Q

overview of the events during fibrinolysis:

A
  1. Plasminogen activator is released
  2. Conversion of plasminogen into plasmin
  3. Plasmin converts fibrin to fibrin degradation product
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20
Q

Disk-shape cells; measuring ______

A

0.5 to 3.0 um

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21
Q

Normal value:

A

150,000 - 400,000/cumm

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22
Q

Life span:

A

7 to 10 days

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23
Q

platelets are formed from the cytoplasm of megakaryocytes in the ______

A

bone marrow

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24
Q

In order to determine the concentration of platelets in the whole blood

Platelet count:

A

Wright’s stained blood smear (estimation of platelets)
Haemocytometer
Electronic cell counter

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25
Q

provides the estimation of platelet number, size, and distribution of platelets in the peripheral blood smear

A

Wright’s stained blood smear

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26
Q

Platelet development:

A
  • Synthesized in the bone marrow as undergo megakaryopoiesis
  • megakaryoblast, the mother cell, undergo development
  • until produce megakaryocytes (parent cell)
  • then undergo fragmentation of cytoplasm of the megakaryocytes
  • then become the platelets
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27
Q

Parent cell

A

megakaryocytes (80 to 150 um)

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28
Q

Platelet is stimulated in ______/ regulates the production of platelet

A

thrombopoietin

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29
Q

Distribution of platelets:

80% of platelets is located in _______

A

peripheral circulation

30
Q

20% of platelets is located in _______

A

spleen

31
Q

the platelet of peripheral circulation is LOW, while the platelet of spleen is HIGH. what is the condition of the patient?

A

thrombocytopenic

32
Q

if a patient has undergo splenectomy, 100% of platelets are in the peripheral circulation. what is the condition of the patient?

A

thrombocytosis

33
Q

without spleen?

A

thrombocytosis

34
Q

if there is splenomegaly?

A

thrombocytopenia

35
Q

Platelet granules:

A

alpha granules and dense granules

36
Q

Components of Alpha granules:

A

the fibrinogen and platelet derived growth factor (PDGF); Von-Willebrand factor (VWE), B-thromboglobulin, thrombospondin, fibronectin, platelet albumin

37
Q

non-protein factors granules

A

Dense granules

38
Q

contact promoting factor granules

A

Alpha granules

39
Q

Non-protein factors:

A

Adenosine diphosphate [ADP]
Adenosine triphosphate [ATP]
5-hydroxytryptamine/serotonin
Calcium

40
Q

Functions of each:

Adenosine diphosphate [ADP]
Adenosine triphosphate [ATP]
5-hydroxytryptamine/serotonin
Calcium

A

ADP - stimulate platelet aggregation
ATP - source of energy
5HT - vasoconstrictor
CALCIUM - designated as coagulation factor no. 4

41
Q

Platelet Ultrastructure:

A 
Glycocalyx
Microtubule & Microfilament 
Open canalicular system
Dense tubular system
Mitochondria
Glycogen granules
Alpha granules
Dense granules
42
Q

Outer membrane of platelet surface; rich in glycoproteins and serve as a membrane receptors

A

glycocalyx

43
Q

What are the glycoproteins?

A

Gp Ib, Gp IIb, GpIIIa, Gp Va

44
Q

a glycoprotein that is the receptor site for Von-Willebrand factor (VWE) in the presence of ristocetin

A

Gp Ib

45
Q

a glycoproteins that act as receptors for VWF and fibrinogen

A

Gp IIb together with Gp IIIa

46
Q

receptor for thrombin that activates fibrinogen forming fibrin

A

Gp Va

47
Q

Provides an active means of platelet contraction to squeeze out contents of cytoplasmic granules

A

microtubule and microfilament

48
Q

form as sub membranous bond around the circumference of the cell and structurally support the normal discoid shape of platelets

A

Microtubules

49
Q

contain actin and closely related to microtubules

A

microfilaments/thrombosthenin

50
Q

provides a direct communication between the intracellular and extracellular compartments

A

open canalicular system

51
Q
  • forms a circle within the microtubule
  • serve as a site for arachidonic acid metabolism
  • function as calcium-sequencing pump that maintains platelet cytoplasmic level.
A

dense tubular system

52
Q

responsible for energy production

A

mitochondria

53
Q

provide energy substrate

A

glycogen granules

54
Q

Platelet Function:

A 
Damaged subendothelium 
Tissue platelet activators 
Plug formation
Growth-limiting factors of the platelet aggregate
Granular release
55
Q

Function:

Releases factors that will activate, transform its shape and evolve as a sticky platelet aggregate to form a plug.

A

damaged subendothelium

56
Q

Factors involved in damaged subendothelium:

A

collagen, fibronectin, VWF, thrombin, ADT

57
Q

Cause the platelet to change from discoid to spherical and the dense and Alpha granules undergo internal contraction and decentralization. This process is calcium dependent.

A

tissue platelet activators

58
Q

stimulated by thrombin and thromboxane [TXA2]

A

plug formation

59
Q

blood flow and release of prostaglandin

A

growth-limiting factors of the platelet aggregate

60
Q

release of substances from dense granules such as serotonin, prostaglandins, except for TXA2. Also release of lysozymes which causes local inflammation and vasodilation.

A

granular release

61
Q

The development of megakaryopoiesis which occurs by endomytosis (nuclear splitting without cell division)

A

Platelet kinetics

62
Q

A single megakaryoblast contain 2-64x the number of normal chromosomes

A

megakaryoblast

63
Q

Stages of Megakaryocytic Maturation:

A

Megakaryoblast
Promegakaryocyte
Granular megakaryocyte
Mature megakaryocyte

64
Q

Megakaryoblast

Size range: 
Cytoplasmic staining: 
Granules:
Nuclear morphology:
N:C ratio:
A 
Size range: 0-24um
Cytoplasmic staining: deep blue staining
Granules: rare 
Nuclear morphology: few compacted lobes
N:C ratio: high
65
Q

Promegakaryocyte

Size range: 
Cytoplasmic staining: 
Granules:
Nuclear morphology:
N:C ratio:
A

Size range: 14-30 um
Cytoplasmic staining: basophilic with pink center
Granules: few
Nuclear morphology: lobes spread out in horseshoe shape
N:C ratio: moderate

66
Q

Granular megakaryocyte

Size range: 
Cytoplasmic staining: 
Granules:
Nuclear morphology:
N:C ratio:
A 
Size range: 15 - 56 um
Cytoplasmic staining: mostly pink
Granules: extensive
Nuclear morphology: many lobes spread out
N:C ratio: moderate
67
Q

Mature megakayocyte

Size range: 
Cytoplasmic staining: 
Granules:
Nuclear morphology:
N:C ratio:
A 
Size range: 20-50 um
Cytoplasmic staining: totally pink
Granules: organized into platelet fields
Nuclear morphology: many compacted lobes
N:C ratio: low
68
Q

The purpose of diluting fluid is to ______

A

to prevent adhesion of platelets to the glass surface

69
Q

The purpose of discarding 2-3 drops _______

A

so that the mixture inside the bulb will go down to the long stem, otherwise kung modiretso ra mog charge, ang inyo macharge ninyo sa hemocytometer is purely diluting fluid so di ka makakita og cell so mao kinahanglan mag discard og 2-3 drops

70
Q

In Direct platelet count (Rees-Ecker Method), the purpose of 10 minutes ________

A

is to allow settling of the platelets na mastable sila.

70
Q

In Direct platelet count (Rees-Ecker Method), the purpose of 10 minutes ________

A

is to allow settling of the platelets na mastable sila.

HEMA 2 LAB (7 decks)

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