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Haematology/Immunology > Plasma Proteins > Flashcards

Plasma Proteins Flashcards

1
Q

Name the major types of plasma proteins in blood

A

60% albumin

18-30% globulins

4% fibrinogen

<1% regulatory proteins

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2
Q

What is the major role of albumin?

A

major contributor to osmotic pressure of plasma

assists in the transport of lipids, steroid hormones, and drugs

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3
Q

What is the major purpose of globulins?

A

includes immunoglobulins - also proteins used in the transport of ions, hormones and lipids

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4
Q

what is the function of fibrinogen?

A

mainly clotting function

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5
Q

deficiency in the production of circulating alpha1 antiTrypsin is related to what disease?

A

Emphysema

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6
Q

All of the plasma proteins (except complement and immunoglobulins) are synthesized where?

A

They are synthesized in the liver -

complement proteins are synthesized in macrophages as well

immunoglobulins are synthesized in activated B lymphocytes

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7
Q

All plasma proteins except albumin are …?

A

glycoproteins - have carbohydrate attached to them (sialic acid)

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8
Q

Where does loss of plasma proteins occur?

A

in the kidneys and GIT

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9
Q

What is electrophoresis used for?

A

It is used to separate proteins according to their electrical charge/molecular size

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10
Q

What are the five major groups of plasma proteins separated by eletrophoresis?

A

albumin, alpha1, alpha2, beta, and gamma globulins

*densitometry allows relative quantification of protein bands - albumin should obviously make the biggest peak b/c it is most prevalent in plasma*

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11
Q

Where does albumin migrate on an electrophoresis?

A

It migrates to the anode- I assume b/c it has a positive charge?

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12
Q

What does the alpha 1 globulin peak on electrophoresis contain?

A
  • alpha 1 protease inhibitor
  • alpha 1 glycoprotein
  • alpha fetoprotein
  • high density lipoprotein
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13
Q

What does the alpha 2 globulin peak contain?

A
  • alpha 2 macroglobulin
  • antithrombin 3
  • ceruloplasmin
  • hapatoglobin - most predominant component
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14
Q

What does the beta globulin peak on electrophoresis contain?

A
  • beta and prebeta lipoproteins
  • compliment proteins
  • CRP
  • hemoglobin (free)
  • plasminogen
  • Transferrin
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15
Q

What does the gamma globulin peak on electrophoresis contain?

A

they are synthesized by B lymphocytes and plasma cells of immune system

  • Ig
  • IgA
  • IgD
  • IgE
  • IgG+
  • IgM
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16
Q

What human plasma proteins exhibit polymorphism?(polymorphism is a mendelian or monogenic trait that exists in the population in at least two phenotypes like the ABO blood types)

A
  • alpha 1 antitrypsin
  • hepatoglobin
  • transferring
  • ceruloplasmin
  • immunoglobulins
17
Q

What are acute phase proteins?

A

they are a class of proteins whose plasma concentrations increase or decrease in response to trauma

  • local inflammatory cells (neutrophil, granulocytes, and macrophages) secrete a number of cytokins into the bloodstream
  • the liver responds by producing a large number of acute phase reactants
18
Q

What can Acute phase responses be induced by?

A

malignancy

autoimmune disease

trauma (surgery, accidents etc)

infections

19
Q

In an acute phase reponse, we see an increase in what plasma proteins?

A
  • C reactive proteins
  • Alpha 1 acid glycoprotin
  • alpha 1 anti trypsin
  • antithrombin 3
  • C3
  • ceruloplamin
  • fibrinogen
  • hepatoglobin
20
Q

what plasma proteins are reduced in response to an acute phase response?

A
  • levels of albumin and transferrin are reduced
21
Q

What are the functions of albumin?

A
  • maintains colloidal osmotic pressure
  • nutrition - source of amino acids for tissue protein synthesis
  • transport protein - binds to lipid soluble hormones and free fatty acids
  • buffering function - high histadine residue content
22
Q

Why might hypo-albuminemia cause muscle weakness?

A

albumin binds and transfers calcium to the muscle cells - therefore, hypoalbuminemia can cause muscle weakness

23
Q

does increased serum albumin occure naturally?

A

no - your liver doesn’t produce ‘too much ‘ albumin ever

24
Q

what are some causes of decreased serum albumin?

A
  • protein malnutrition - alcoholism, celiac disease, pancreatic duct problems, crohn’s, whipple’s, cystic fibrosis etc.
  • hepatocellular disease - decreased synthesis
  • nephrotic syndrome - increased loss through kidney
  • thermal burns - loss through skin
  • acute or chronic inflammation
25
Q

What is the function of alpha 1 anti trypsin?

A

it is the principle protease inhibitor in the plasma

It is also a potent inhibitor of elastase- a proteolytic enzyme secreted by inflammatory cells

26
Q

What is the function of haptoglobin (alpha 2 globulin)?

A

it is an immunoglobulin-like plasma protein that binds free plasma hemoglobin -

27
Q

What is the function of C-Reactive Protein?

A

it was originally discovered as a substance in the serum of patinets with acute inflammation that reacted with Capsular polysaccharide of pneumococcus bacteria - its role is to bind to phosphocholine expressed on the surface of dead or dyig cells in order to activate the Complement systme

28
Q

What is the function of immunoglobulins?

A

they are secreted in response to ‘non-self’ proteins being recognized - they bind to and eliminate the immunogen - ex) IgG, IgA, IgM etc

29
Q

Where are IgA antibodies found?

A

mucosal areas like the gut, respiratory tract, urogenital tract etc. - prevents colonization of pathogens

30
Q

what is the function of IgD?

A

mainly functions as an antigen receptor on B cells- it’s function is less defined than other types

31
Q

What is the function of IgE?

A

binds to allergens and triggers histamine release from mast cells, and is invovled in allergies

32
Q

What is the function of IgG?

A

provides the majority of antibody based immunity against invading pathogens

33
Q

What is the purpose of IgM?

A

it is expressed on the surface of B cells and in a secreted form with very high acidity. It eliminates pathogens in the early stages of B cell mediated immunity before there is sufficient IgG

34
Q

What enzyme cleaves fribrinogen?

A

Thombin

35
Q

What is associated with high or low levels of Fibrinogen?

A

increased levels = associated with inflammation (it is an acute phase protein) cardiovascular disease, and levels also increase in pregnancy

decreased= low levels can indicate a systemic activation of the clotting system - with the consumption of clotting factors faster than the synthesis

Haematology/Immunology (18 decks)

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