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Y11 Biology 2025 > Plasma Membrane > Flashcards

Plasma Membrane Flashcards

1
Q

Elements in lipids

A

CHO

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2
Q

Elements in phospholipids

A

CHOP

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3
Q

Characteristics of lipids

A

non-polar, insoluble in water (hydrophobic), poor conductors of heat, good insulators

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4
Q

Components of a triglyceride

A

1 x glycerol, 3 x fatty acids

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5
Q

Bond formed between glycerol and fatty acids

A

ester

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6
Q

Function of lipids

A

Energy source
Protection of vital organs
To prevent evaporation in plants
To insulate the body
They form the myelin sheath around neurones
As a water source (respiration produces metabolic water)

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7
Q

Components of phospholipid

A

Hydrophilic polar phosphate head
Glycerol
Hydrophobic non-polar fatty acid tail

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8
Q

Components of the plasma membrane

A

Phospholipid bilayer
Protein channels
Protein pumps
Glycoproteins
Glycolipids
Cholesterol

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9
Q

Arrangement of phospholipid bilayer

A

hydrophilic phosphate heads are facing the environments with water (e.g., cytosol) whereas the hydrophobic fatty acid tails are facing each other and away from the environments containing water

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10
Q

Function of cholesterol in plasma membrane

A

provides stability and flexibility to the membrane

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11
Q

Function of the plasma membrane

A

Regulates the inputs and outputs of a cell

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12
Q

Function of glycoproteins and glycolipids

A

cell communication and recognition

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13
Q

Diffusion

A

Diffusion is the net movement of particles from a high concentration to a low concentration, down a concentration gradient.

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14
Q

Is diffusion active or passive?

A

Passive (no ATP required)

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15
Q

Substances that use simple diffusion

A

Small, non-polar molecules like O2 and CO2 (exception: water)
Hydrophobic, non-polar molecules e.g., steroid hormones

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16
Q

Facilitated diffusion

A

Facilitated diffusion is the net movement of particles from a high concentration, to a low concentration, down a concentration gradient, through a protein channel.

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17
Q

Is facilitated diffusion active or passive?

A

Passive (no ATP required)

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18
Q

Substances that use faciilitated diffusion

A

Large, polar and hydrophilic substances that can’t cross directly through the phospholipid bilayer
E.g., glucose, charged ions (chloride ion, sodium ion)

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19
Q

Similarities between diffusion and facilitated diffusion

A

similarities between diffusion and facilitated diffusion?
They are both passive processes
They both move substances down a concentration gradient (high to low)

20
Q

Differences between diffusion and facilitated diffusion

A

Diffusion is movement through the phospholipid bilayer whereas facilitated diffusion is movement through a protein channel.
Diffusion is the movement of small, non-polar, hydrophobic molecules whereas facilitated diffusion is the movement of large, polar, hydrophilic substances

21
Q

Factors that affect diffusion

A

Concentration gradient
Distance / thickness of membrane
Surface area to volume ratio
Temperature

22
Q

How concentration gradient affects rate of diffusion

A

If the difference in concentration on either side of the membrane is greater, diffusion will occur faster.

23
Q

How distance / thickness of plasma membrane affects rate of diffusion

A

If the semi-permeable membrane is thinner, diffusion will occur faster.

24
Q

How surface area to volume ratio affects rate of diffusion

A

A larger surface area to volume ratio means more particles can move across the membrane at the same time.

25
Q

How temperature of plasma membrane affects rate of diffusion

A

Particles with greater kinetic energy will diffuse faster.
The membrane permeability increases as the temperature increases. This means that diffusion will take place more quickly when the membrane becomes more permeable

26
Q

Independent variable

A

The independent variable is a factor that is changed or manipulated in an experiment to determine its effect on the dependent variable.

27
Q

Dependent variable

A

The dependent variable is measured to determine if the change or manipulation of the independent variable had any effect.

28
Q

Controlled variable

A

A controlled variable is one that is kept constant throughout the experiment.

29
Q

Osmosis

A

Net movement of water molecules from a high-water concentration, through a partially permeable membrane, to a low water- concentration, down a concentration gradient.

30
Q

Is osmosis active or passive?

A

Passive

31
Q

Hypotonic

A

a solution that is lower in solute and higher in water molecules than the solution being compared to

32
Q

Hypertonic

A

a solution that is higher in solute and lower in water molecules than the solution being compared to

33
Q

Isotonic

A

two solutions are of equal solute concentration.
There will be no net movement of water

34
Q

Animal cell in hypertonic environment

A

crenated

35
Q

Animal cell in hypotonic solution

A

lysed

36
Q

Plant cell in hypertonic environment

A

plasmolysed

37
Q

Plant cell in hypotonic envrionment

A

turgid

38
Q

Osmosis scaffold

A

OSMOSIS has occurred. This means that
Water has moved FROM the hypotonic ______
THROUGH the partially permeable membrane of _____
TO the hypertonic _______
______ has become crenated / lysed / plasmolysed / turgid

39
Q

Active transport

A

The net movement of particles from a low concentration to a high concentration, against a concentration gradient, through a protein pump which requires ATP.

40
Q

Is bulk transport an active or passive process?

A

Active (requires ATP)

41
Q

Endocytosis

A

the bulk movement of large substances into a cell

42
Q

Phagocytosis vs pinocytosis

A

Both forms of endocytosis. If the substance being engulfed is a solid, it is called phagocytosis. If the substance being engulfed is a liquid, it is called pinocytosis

43
Q

Steps in phagocytosis if a cell is obtaining nutrients

A

Phagocytosis this means that
A cell engulfs a solid forming a food vacuole
Food vacuole fuses with lysosome
Solids are destroyed by digestive enzymes in lysosome

44
Q

Steps in phagocytosis if a cell is destroying pathogens

A

Phagocytosis this means that
A white blood cell engulfs a pathogen forming a phagosome
Phagosome fuses with lysosome forming a phagolysosome
Pathogen is destroyed by digestive enzymes in lysosome

45
Q

Exocytosis

A

bulk movement of large substances out of a cell

Y11 Biology 2025 (17 decks)

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