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Y11 Biology 2025 > Plants and animal cells > Flashcards

Plants and animal cells Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Define exergonic

A

Energy releasing

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2
Q

Define catabolic

A

Something is broken down during a reaction

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3
Q

Define endergonic

A

Energy requiring / absorbed

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4
Q

Define anabolic

A

Something is built up during a reaction

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5
Q

State the five types of monosaccharide

A

Glucose
Galactose
Fructose

Deoxyribose
Ribose

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6
Q

State the three types of disaccharides and the monomers they are made from

A

Lactose - Glucose + Galactose
Maltose - Glucose + Glucose
Sucrose - Glucose + Fructose

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7
Q

State the three types of polysaccharides and their functions

A

Glycogen - Energy storage in animals
Cellulose - Cell wall in plants (strength and support)
Starch - Energy storage in plants

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8
Q

Give an example of an exergonic catabolic reaction

A

Aerobic cellular respiration, hydrolysis, decomposition

Hydrolysis

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9
Q

Give an example of an endergonic anabolic reaction

A

Photosynthesis
Protein synthesis
Condensation polymerisation

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10
Q

State the word equation for aerobic cellular respiration

A

Glucose + oxygen —> carbon dioxide + water

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11
Q

State the word equation for anaerobic cellular respiration in humans

A

Glucose —> lactic acid

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12
Q

Name the three parts of aerobic cellular respiration and where they occur in a cell

A

Glycolysis occurs in the cytosol
Kerbs cycle occurs in the mitochondrial matrix
Electron transport chain occurs in the mitochondrial cristae

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13
Q

State the word equation for anaerobic cellular respiration in yeast

A

Glucose –> ethanol + carbon dioxide

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14
Q

Write the three things that appear above/below the arrow for the photosynthesis equation

A

light, excess water, chlorophyll

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15
Q

Would a catabolic reaction be associated with an endergonic or an exergonic energy change?

A

Exergonic

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16
Q

Where does the light dependent reactions occur in photosynthesis?

A

thylakoid membrane of the grana in a chloroplast

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17
Q

What is a limiting factor?

A

A limiting factor is one which prevents a reaction from proceeding at a greater rate

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18
Q

Name four examples of processes that use ATP in the human body

A

Controlling body temperature; Active Transport; Muscle contraction; Protein synthesis

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19
Q

What elements are found in a carbohydrate?

A

CHO

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20
Q

What is the main purpose of carbohydrates in the body?

A

Source of energy

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21
Q

Draw and label a glucose molecule

A
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22
Q

Draw and label two monosaccharides getting joined together

A
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23
Q

What is cellular respiration?

A

Cellular respiration is the release of energy from glucose in cells.

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24
Q

What type of reaction occurs when ADP + Pi are joined to form ATP?

A

Endergonic, anabolic

25
Q

What type of reaction occurs when ATP is broken down into ADP + Pi?

A

Exergonic, catabolic

26
Q

Define aerobic cellular respiration

A

Aerobic cellular respiration is the release of energy from glucose in the presence of oxygen

27
Q

Define anaerobic cellular respiration/ fermentation

A

Anaerobic cellular respiration is the release of energy from glucose in the absence of oxygen

28
Q

What are the inputs of glycolysis?

A

Glucose

29
Q

What is produced during glycolysis?

A

Pyruvate, 2 ATP, NADH

30
Q

What are the inputs of the Krebs cycle?

A

Pyruvate

31
Q

What is produced during the Krebs cycle?

A

Carbon dioxide, 2 ATP and NADH

32
Q

What are the inputs of the electron transport chain?

A

Oxygen, NADH

33
Q

What is produced in the electron transport chain?

A

Water, 26-28 ATP

34
Q

How much energy is released during aerobic cellular respiration?

A

30-32 ATP

35
Q

Compare the location of aerobic and anaerobic cellular respiration

A

Aerobic cellular respiration occurs in the cytosol and mitochondria whereas anaerobic cellular respiration occurs in the cytosol

36
Q

Which by-product of anaerobic respiration causes cramping?

A

Lactic acid

37
Q

Which by-product of anaerobic respiration can be used to produce biofuels?

A

Ethanol

38
Q

How much energy is released during anaerobic cellular respiration?

A

2 ATP

39
Q

What are the advantages and disadvantages of aerobic cellular respiration?

A

Advantage: produces lots of energy
Disadvantage: Slower ATP production

40
Q

What are the advantages and disadvantages of anaerobic cellular respiration?

A

Advantage: Rapid ATP production
Disadvantage: does not produce much ATP / can lead to cramping

41
Q

What is the word equation for photosynthesis?

A
42
Q

Draw and label a mitochondrion

A
43
Q

Draw and label a chloroplast

A
44
Q

Where does the light independent reaction of photosynthesis occur?

A

stroma of a chloroplast

45
Q

What occurs during the light dependent reaction of photosynthesis?

A

Light is used to split water (input) into hydrogen ions and electrons

46
Q

What are the inputs of the light dependent reaction of photosynthesis?

A

Water, light

47
Q

What is produced in the light dependent reaction of photosynthesis?

A

Oxygen, NADPH

48
Q

What is NADH?

A

A co-enzyme used to carry hydrogen ions and electrons from glycolysis and Krebs cycle to the electron transport chain

49
Q

What is NADPH?

A

A co-enzyme used to carry hydrogen ions and electrons from the light dependent reaction to the light independent reaction

50
Q

What occurs during the light independent reaction of photosynthesis?

A

Carbon dioxide gains hydrogen ions and electrons to form glucose using the enzyme Rubisco

51
Q

What are the inputs of the light independent reaction of photosynthesis?

A

carbon dioxide, NADPH

52
Q

What is produced in the light independent reaction of photosynthesis?

A

glucose

53
Q

What traps light energy in a chloroplast?

A

Pigments, such as chlorophyll or accessory pigments such as carotenoids

54
Q

Which light colour is best for photosynthesis?

A

White (all wavelengths of light), then red and blue

55
Q

Which light colour is worst for photosynthesis?

A

Green (it is reflected, not absorbed)

56
Q

What are some possible limiting factors of photosynthesis?

A

carbon dioxide, light energy, chlorophyll

57
Q

Why does more light lead to more photosynthesis?

A

↑ light = ↑ more water split in light dependent reaction = ↑ hydrogen being carried by NADPH = ↑ carbon dioxide being turned into glucose = ↑ rate of photosynthesis

58
Q
A

Y11 Biology 2025 (16 decks)

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