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Y11 Biology 2025 > Plants and animal cells > Flashcards

Plants and animal cells Flashcards

1
Q

Define exergonic

A

Energy releasing

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2
Q

Define catabolic

A

Something is broken down during a reaction

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3
Q

Define endergonic

A

Energy requiring / absorbed

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4
Q

Define anabolic

A

Something is built up during a reaction

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5
Q

State the five types of monosaccharide

A

Glucose
Galactose
Fructose

Deoxyribose
Ribose

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6
Q

State the three types of disaccharides and the monomers they are made from

A

Lactose - Glucose + Galactose
Maltose - Glucose + Glucose
Sucrose - Glucose + Fructose

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7
Q

State the three types of polysaccharides and their functions

A

Glycogen - Energy storage in animals
Cellulose - Cell wall in plants (strength and support)
Starch - Energy storage in plants

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8
Q

Give an example of an exergonic catabolic reaction

A

Aerobic cellular respiration, hydrolysis, decomposition

Hydrolysis

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9
Q

Give an example of an endergonic anabolic reaction

A

Photosynthesis
Protein synthesis
Condensation polymerisation

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10
Q

State the word equation for aerobic cellular respiration

A

Glucose + oxygen —> carbon dioxide + water

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11
Q

State the word equation for anaerobic cellular respiration in humans

A

Glucose —> lactic acid

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12
Q

Name the three parts of aerobic cellular respiration and where they occur in a cell

A

Glycolysis occurs in the cytosol
Kerbs cycle occurs in the mitochondrial matrix
Electron transport chain occurs in the mitochondrial cristae

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13
Q

State the word equation for anaerobic cellular respiration in yeast

A

Glucose –> ethanol + carbon dioxide

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14
Q

Write the three things that appear above/below the arrow for the photosynthesis equation

A

light, excess water, chlorophyll

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15
Q

Would a catabolic reaction be associated with an endergonic or an exergonic energy change?

A

Exergonic

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16
Q

Where does the light dependent reactions occur in photosynthesis?

A

thylakoid membrane of the grana in a chloroplast

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17
Q

What is a limiting factor?

A

A limiting factor is one which prevents a reaction from proceeding at a greater rate

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18
Q

Name four examples of processes that use ATP in the human body

A

Controlling body temperature; Active Transport; Muscle contraction; Protein synthesis

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19
Q

What elements are found in a carbohydrate?

A

CHO

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20
Q

What is the main purpose of carbohydrates in the body?

A

Source of energy

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21
Q

Draw and label a glucose molecule

A
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22
Q

Draw and label two monosaccharides getting joined together

A
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23
Q

What is cellular respiration?

A

Cellular respiration is the release of energy from glucose in cells.

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24
Q

What type of reaction occurs when ADP + Pi are joined to form ATP?

A

Endergonic, anabolic

25
What type of reaction occurs when ATP is broken down into ADP + Pi?
Exergonic, catabolic
26
Define aerobic cellular respiration
Aerobic cellular respiration is the release of energy from glucose in the presence of oxygen
27
Define anaerobic cellular respiration/ fermentation
Anaerobic cellular respiration is the release of energy from glucose in the absence of oxygen
28
What are the inputs of glycolysis?
Glucose
29
What is produced during glycolysis?
Pyruvate, 2 ATP, NADH
30
What are the inputs of the Krebs cycle?
Pyruvate
31
What is produced during the Krebs cycle?
Carbon dioxide, 2 ATP and NADH
32
What are the inputs of the electron transport chain?
Oxygen, NADH
33
What is produced in the electron transport chain?
Water, 26-28 ATP
34
How much energy is released during aerobic cellular respiration?
30-32 ATP
35
Compare the location of aerobic and anaerobic cellular respiration
Aerobic cellular respiration occurs in the cytosol and mitochondria whereas anaerobic cellular respiration occurs in the cytosol
36
Which by-product of anaerobic respiration causes cramping?
Lactic acid
37
Which by-product of anaerobic respiration can be used to produce biofuels?
Ethanol
38
How much energy is released during anaerobic cellular respiration?
2 ATP
39
What are the advantages and disadvantages of aerobic cellular respiration?
Advantage: produces lots of energy Disadvantage: Slower ATP production
40
What are the advantages and disadvantages of anaerobic cellular respiration?
Advantage: Rapid ATP production Disadvantage: does not produce much ATP / can lead to cramping
41
What is the word equation for photosynthesis?
42
Draw and label a mitochondrion
43
Draw and label a chloroplast
44
Where does the light independent reaction of photosynthesis occur?
stroma of a chloroplast
45
What occurs during the light dependent reaction of photosynthesis?
Light is used to split water (input) into hydrogen ions and electrons
46
What are the inputs of the light dependent reaction of photosynthesis?
Water, light
47
What is produced in the light dependent reaction of photosynthesis?
Oxygen, NADPH
48
What is NADH?
A co-enzyme used to carry hydrogen ions and electrons from glycolysis and Krebs cycle to the electron transport chain
49
What is NADPH?
A co-enzyme used to carry hydrogen ions and electrons from the light dependent reaction to the light independent reaction
50
What occurs during the light independent reaction of photosynthesis?
Carbon dioxide gains hydrogen ions and electrons to form glucose using the enzyme Rubisco
51
What are the inputs of the light independent reaction of photosynthesis?
carbon dioxide, NADPH
52
What is produced in the light independent reaction of photosynthesis?
glucose
53
What traps light energy in a chloroplast?
Pigments, such as chlorophyll or accessory pigments such as carotenoids
54
Which light colour is best for photosynthesis?
White (all wavelengths of light), then red and blue
55
Which light colour is worst for photosynthesis?
Green (it is reflected, not absorbed)
56
What are some possible limiting factors of photosynthesis?
carbon dioxide, light energy, chlorophyll
57
Why does more light lead to more photosynthesis?
↑ light = ↑ more water split in light dependent reaction = ↑ hydrogen being carried by NADPH = ↑ carbon dioxide being turned into glucose = ↑ rate of photosynthesis
58

Y11 Biology 2025 (16 decks)

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