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Plaque & Caries Flashcards

1
Q

Dental Plaque

A

Complex microbial community that forms on tooth surfaces

Contains living, dead, and dying bacteria and their products, as well as salivary compounds

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2
Q

What is calcified plaque

A

calculus

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3
Q

What are microorganisms in dental plaque surrounded by

A

organic matrix

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4
Q

What is the purpose of biofilm formed of communities of microorganisms that are attached to a surface

A

may protect them from host defenses and antimicrobial agents and can render them more pathogenic

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5
Q

What is the benefits of biofilm

A

contains hundreds of microorganisms

have a communication system to adapt and respond to their environment

share resources and activites

have resistance

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6
Q

What bacteria is a large proportion of resident oral flora

A

viridans streptococci

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7
Q

What is a major bacteria species found in saliva

A

streptococcus salivarius

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8
Q

How does colonization occur on a freshly cleaned tooth surface

A

acidic glycoproteins from saliva form a film on tooth called a pellice

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9
Q

What streptococcus species colonize biofilm

A

S. oralis
S. mitis
S. gordonii
S. sanguis

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10
Q

What is dental plaque

A

Plaque= a firmly attached growth of bacteria + matrix (biofilm)

2 types: supragingival and subgingival

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11
Q

How do early colonizer bacteria adhere through specific molecules

A

They have adhesins on their surface

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12
Q

What type of bacteria are typically early colonizers

A

Gram (+) facultative anaerobic bacteria

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13
Q

What type of bacteria are early colonizers

A

Actinomyces spp

Oral streptococci

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14
Q

Which bacteria species make up over 80% of the initial biofilm

A

oral streptococci

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15
Q

Aerobic environment

A

Gram (+) facultative anaerobic species

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16
Q

Highly oxygen deprived

A

gram (-) anaerobic microorganisms

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17
Q

What type of bacteria is found in Supragingival plaque

A

gram (+) facultative anaerobic bacteria

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18
Q

What type of bacteria is found in Subgingival plaque

A

more complex
gram (-) anaerobic bacteria

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19
Q

What is dysbiosis

A

the transition of the polymicrobial community from largely gram (+) commensal microbes to a gram (-) enriched inflammogenic community

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20
Q

True/false: If plaque continues to form, it attracts other bacteria to adhere to the bacterial matrix

A

true

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21
Q

What are gram (-) anaerobes

A

prevotella intermedia
capnocytophaga spp
fusobacterium nucleatum

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22
Q

What bacteria is a late colonizer

A

porphyromonas gingivalis:
adheres to earlier colonizers and identified as a keystone pathogen in the pathogenesis and progression of periodontitis

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23
Q

Composition of dental plaque

A

Proliferating bacteria
Host cells
Adherent intercellular matrix
Other microorganisms

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24
Q

What are the inorganic components of plaque

A

Calcium and phosphorus w/ small amounts of magnesium, potassium and sodium

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25
How much inorganic content is present in early plaque
low inorganic content
26
How much inorganic content is present in calculus
high inorganic content
27
What is plaque
complex microbial community composed of polysaccharides, proteins, and other compounds
28
What is the purpose of plaque
acts to protect the biofilm from the host's immune system, and from antimicrobial and antibiotic agents
29
Dental biofilm stages of formation
Stage 1: pellicle formation Stage 2: bacterial attachment Stage 3: colonization and multiplication --> pathogenic potential Stage 4: growth --> increase in mass and thickness Stage 5: maturation --> intermicrobial matrix connects colonies
30
what do early colonizers do
gram (+) bacteria bind to pellicle
31
What do secondary colonizers do
gram (-) bacteria attach after 1-2 days of plaque accumulation and have the ability to adhere to gram (+) already present
32
What do late colonizers
Gram (-) bacteria adhere to previous colonizers --> attach after 1 week of plaque accumulation --> have ability to adhere to gram (+) already present
33
Pellicle
glycoprotein deposit rapidly covering newly cleaned tooth
34
Plaque development starts with
Microbial adherence --> binding of a microbe to an oral surface is a prerequisite for colonization and it's initial step in the path leading to infection and invasion of tissues
35
Challenges with microbial adhere
host cleansing factors
36
Plaque development
Early plaque: gram (+) facultative bacteria --> shift in plaque composition --> mature plaque: gram (-) anaerobic bacteria (disease)
37
What is tooth-associated plaque
Structure similar to supra gingival plaque mainly gram + filamentous bacteria with some gram (-) cocci and rods associated with calculus formation, root caries, root resorption
38
Epithelium- Associated plaque
Loosely adherent structure Contains one layer in contact with epithelial cells and other loose in the sulcular or pocket lumen Mainly gram (-) rods and cocci Leads to development of periodontal disease
39
Connective tissue-associated plaque
observed in periodontal disease conditions --> bacteria penetrate through the pocket epithelium wall and basal lamina into the CT Demonstrated in acute ulcerative gingivitis, advanced periodontitis, and aggressive periodontitis
40
What is supragingival calculus
white or whiteish yellow results from poor hygiene, lack of adequate masticatory function and tooth malposition
41
What is subgingival calculus
calculus below gingival margin usually in periodontal pockets dark-brown or greenish-black dense and hard firmly attached to the tooth surface
42
significance of dental calculus
provides surface for attachment of bacteria maintains and accentuates periodontal disease by keeping plaque in close contact with the gingival tissue and creating areas where plaque removal is impossible
43
True/false: supragingival and subgingival calculus consists of mineralized plaque always covered by unmineralized bacterial layer
true
44
What does microflora usually consists of
non-mutans streptococci (salivarious group) on root surface mitis group in pit and fissures small number from mutans group (not enough to induce caries)
45
Loss of hydroxyapatite crystals causes what
slow decomposition of teeth
46
Key factors in development of caries
susceptible tooth surface nature of saliva flow plaque bacteria consumption of fermentable carbohydrates
47
Development of caries
1. primary lesion 2. development of cavity 3. spread into dentine and destruction of dental pulp 4. development of periapical infection
48
Root caries key factors
multifactorial infection: host bacteria diet time
49
Is lactobacillus involved in the initiation of dental caries
may not be involved in the initiation of dental caries but are involved in the progression of caries deep into enamel and dentin
50
What is the source of nutrients for microorganisms
saliva
51
What happens when the pH drops below 5.5 for enamel
dissolution of tooth mineral hydroxyapatite= demineralization
52
When fluoride is present in saliva what happens?
fluorapatite (instead of hydroxyapatite) forms during remineralization
53
What hypothesis is a good model for why caries develops
ecological plaque hypothesis
54
what hypothesis is a good model for why periodontitis occurs
keystone pathogen hypothesis
55
How can you manage caries
1. early detection 2. the importance of accurate diagnosis 3. minimal cavity preparation techniques 4. active prevention
56
Low incidence of caries consist of
case history clinical and radiographic examination
57
high incidence of caries consist of
assessment of dietary habits determination of salivary flow and buffering capacity microbiological analysis
58
prevention of caries
reduction of sugar intake fluoridation pit and fissure sealants control of cariogenic plaque flora: mechanical cleansing techniques & antimicrobial agents replacement of cariogenic bacteria
59
True/false: Artificial sweeteners can be absorbed and metabolized to produce acids by bacteria
FALSE: Artificial sweeteners cannot be absorbed and metabolized to produce acids by bacteria
60

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