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I&I > Plaque & Caries > Flashcards

Plaque & Caries Flashcards

1
Q

Dental Plaque

A

Complex microbial community that forms on tooth surfaces

Contains living, dead, and dying bacteria and their products, as well as salivary compounds

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2
Q

What is calcified plaque

A

calculus

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3
Q

What are microorganisms in dental plaque surrounded by

A

organic matrix

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4
Q

What is the purpose of biofilm formed of communities of microorganisms that are attached to a surface

A

may protect them from host defenses and antimicrobial agents and can render them more pathogenic

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5
Q

What is the benefits of biofilm

A

contains hundreds of microorganisms

have a communication system to adapt and respond to their environment

share resources and activites

have resistance

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6
Q

What bacteria is a large proportion of resident oral flora

A

viridans streptococci

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7
Q

What is a major bacteria species found in saliva

A

streptococcus salivarius

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8
Q

How does colonization occur on a freshly cleaned tooth surface

A

acidic glycoproteins from saliva form a film on tooth called a pellice

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9
Q

What streptococcus species colonize biofilm

A

S. oralis
S. mitis
S. gordonii
S. sanguis

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10
Q

What is dental plaque

A

Plaque= a firmly attached growth of bacteria + matrix (biofilm)

2 types: supragingival and subgingival

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11
Q

How do early colonizer bacteria adhere through specific molecules

A

They have adhesins on their surface

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12
Q

What type of bacteria are typically early colonizers

A

Gram (+) facultative anaerobic bacteria

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13
Q

What type of bacteria are early colonizers

A

Actinomyces spp

Oral streptococci

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14
Q

Which bacteria species make up over 80% of the initial biofilm

A

oral streptococci

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15
Q

Aerobic environment

A

Gram (+) facultative anaerobic species

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16
Q

Highly oxygen deprived

A

gram (-) anaerobic microorganisms

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17
Q

What type of bacteria is found in Supragingival plaque

A

gram (+) facultative anaerobic bacteria

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18
Q

What type of bacteria is found in Subgingival plaque

A

more complex
gram (-) anaerobic bacteria

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19
Q

What is dysbiosis

A

the transition of the polymicrobial community from largely gram (+) commensal microbes to a gram (-) enriched inflammogenic community

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20
Q

True/false: If plaque continues to form, it attracts other bacteria to adhere to the bacterial matrix

A

true

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21
Q

What are gram (-) anaerobes

A

prevotella intermedia
capnocytophaga spp
fusobacterium nucleatum

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22
Q

What bacteria is a late colonizer

A

porphyromonas gingivalis:
adheres to earlier colonizers and identified as a keystone pathogen in the pathogenesis and progression of periodontitis

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23
Q

Composition of dental plaque

A

Proliferating bacteria
Host cells
Adherent intercellular matrix
Other microorganisms

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24
Q

What are the inorganic components of plaque

A

Calcium and phosphorus w/ small amounts of magnesium, potassium and sodium

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25
Q

How much inorganic content is present in early plaque

A

low inorganic content

26
Q

How much inorganic content is present in calculus

A

high inorganic content

27
Q

What is plaque

A

complex microbial community composed of polysaccharides, proteins, and other compounds

28
Q

What is the purpose of plaque

A

acts to protect the biofilm from the host’s immune system, and from antimicrobial and antibiotic agents

29
Q

Dental biofilm stages of formation

A

Stage 1: pellicle formation

Stage 2: bacterial attachment

Stage 3: colonization and multiplication –> pathogenic potential

Stage 4: growth –> increase in mass and thickness

Stage 5: maturation –> intermicrobial matrix connects colonies

30
Q

what do early colonizers do

A

gram (+) bacteria bind to pellicle

31
Q

What do secondary colonizers do

A

gram (-) bacteria attach after 1-2 days of plaque accumulation and have the ability to adhere to gram (+) already present

32
Q

What do late colonizers

A

Gram (-) bacteria adhere to previous colonizers –> attach after 1 week of plaque accumulation –> have ability to adhere to gram (+) already present

33
Q

Pellicle

A

glycoprotein deposit rapidly covering newly cleaned tooth

34
Q

Plaque development starts with

A

Microbial adherence –> binding of a microbe to an oral surface is a prerequisite for colonization and it’s initial step in the path leading to infection and invasion of tissues

35
Q

Challenges with microbial adhere

A

host cleansing factors

36
Q

Plaque development

A

Early plaque: gram (+) facultative bacteria –> shift in plaque composition –> mature plaque: gram (-) anaerobic bacteria (disease)

37
Q

What is tooth-associated plaque

A

Structure similar to supra gingival plaque

mainly gram + filamentous bacteria with some gram (-) cocci and rods

associated with calculus formation, root caries, root resorption

38
Q

Epithelium- Associated plaque

A

Loosely adherent structure

Contains one layer in contact with epithelial cells and other loose in the sulcular or pocket lumen

Mainly gram (-) rods and cocci

Leads to development of periodontal disease

39
Q

Connective tissue-associated plaque

A

observed in periodontal disease conditions –> bacteria penetrate through the pocket epithelium wall and basal lamina into the CT

Demonstrated in acute ulcerative gingivitis, advanced periodontitis, and aggressive periodontitis

40
Q

What is supragingival calculus

A

white or whiteish yellow
results from poor hygiene, lack of adequate masticatory function and tooth malposition

41
Q

What is subgingival calculus

A

calculus below gingival margin usually in periodontal pockets

dark-brown or greenish-black

dense and hard

firmly attached to the tooth surface

42
Q

significance of dental calculus

A

provides surface for attachment of bacteria

maintains and accentuates periodontal disease by keeping plaque in close contact with the gingival tissue and creating areas where plaque removal is impossible

43
Q

True/false: supragingival and subgingival calculus consists of mineralized plaque always covered by unmineralized bacterial layer

A

true

44
Q

What does microflora usually consists of

A

non-mutans streptococci (salivarious group) on root surface

mitis group in pit and fissures

small number from mutans group (not enough to induce caries)

45
Q

Loss of hydroxyapatite crystals causes what

A

slow decomposition of teeth

46
Q

Key factors in development of caries

A

susceptible tooth surface
nature of saliva flow
plaque bacteria
consumption of fermentable carbohydrates

47
Q

Development of caries

A
  1. primary lesion
  2. development of cavity
  3. spread into dentine and destruction of dental pulp
  4. development of periapical infection
48
Q

Root caries key factors

A

multifactorial infection:
host
bacteria
diet
time

49
Q

Is lactobacillus involved in the initiation of dental caries

A

may not be involved in the initiation of dental caries but are involved in the progression of caries deep into enamel and dentin

50
Q

What is the source of nutrients for microorganisms

A

saliva

51
Q

What happens when the pH drops below 5.5 for enamel

A

dissolution of tooth mineral

hydroxyapatite= demineralization

52
Q

When fluoride is present in saliva what happens?

A

fluorapatite (instead of hydroxyapatite) forms during remineralization

53
Q

What hypothesis is a good model for why caries develops

A

ecological plaque hypothesis

54
Q

what hypothesis is a good model for why periodontitis occurs

A

keystone pathogen hypothesis

55
Q

How can you manage caries

A
  1. early detection
  2. the importance of accurate diagnosis
  3. minimal cavity preparation techniques
  4. active prevention
56
Q

Low incidence of caries consist of

A

case history
clinical and radiographic examination

57
Q

high incidence of caries consist of

A

assessment of dietary habits
determination of salivary flow and buffering capacity
microbiological analysis

58
Q

prevention of caries

A

reduction of sugar intake
fluoridation
pit and fissure sealants
control of cariogenic plaque flora: mechanical cleansing techniques & antimicrobial agents
replacement of cariogenic bacteria

59
Q

True/false: Artificial sweeteners can be absorbed and metabolized to produce acids by bacteria

A

FALSE: Artificial sweeteners cannot be absorbed and metabolized to produce acids by bacteria

60
Q
A

I&I (5 decks)

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