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I&I > Normal Oral Microflora > Flashcards

Normal Oral Microflora Flashcards

1
Q

Oral cavity microbial habitats

A

teeth
gingival sulci
attached gingiva
lips, tongue, cheeks
hard and soft palate

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2
Q

Normal flora

A

called commensals

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3
Q

Supragingival bacteria

A

predominantly streptococci
mutans
salivarius
mitis
anginosus

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4
Q

Subgingival bacteria

A

actinomyces
prevotella
prophyromonas
fusobacterium
veillonella

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5
Q

Gram (+) bacteria

A

Cocci:
Streptococcus –> Mutans, salivarius, mitis, anginosus

Bacilli and filaments:
Lactobacilli, eubacteria, propionibacterium acnes and propionicus, actinomyces

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6
Q

What are the four groups of streptococcus

A

mutans, salivarius, mitis, anginosus

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7
Q

What is the the mutans group

A

colonizes tooth or denture surfaces
rapidly produces acid
can grow in an acidic environment

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8
Q

What is the primary pathogen in dental caries

A

Streptococcus mutans

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9
Q

What can streptococcus mutans cause

A

root surface caries in elderly
pit and fissure caries
smooth surface (enamel) caries

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10
Q

What is the important virulence property of mutans group

A

ability to form bioflim

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11
Q

What is salivarious group

A

found on mucosal surfaces, including the tongue

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12
Q

What are the two groups of salivarius group

A

strept. salivarious & strept. vestibularis

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13
Q

Strept. Salivarious

A

Opportunistic pathogen capable of infecting immunocomprised patients

Strongly cariogenic, but less than S. mutans

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14
Q

Strept. vestibularis

A

Normal inhabitant of oral vestibules

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15
Q

Mitis group

A

S. sanguinis, strept. gordonii, strept. mitis, and strept. oralis may become opportunistic pathogens and cause infective endocarditis

early colonizers in biofilm formatoin

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16
Q

What mitis group bacteria is not an opportunistic pathogen

A

S. mitis

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17
Q

What is the anginosus group

A

Found in dental plaque and mucosal surfaces
opportunistic pathogens
involved in maxillofacial infections
includes: strept. anginosus, strept. intermedius, and strept. constellatus

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18
Q

What are the gram (+) cocci bacteria

A

Streptococcus: Mutans, Salivarius, Mitis, Anginosus

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19
Q

What are gram (+) bacilli and filaments

A

Lactobacilli, Eubacteria, Propionbacterium, Actinomyces

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20
Q

Lactobacilli

A

Constitute about 1% of the total cultivable microflora in the oral cavity

Increases in advanced caries lesions of the enamel and root surface

Acidogenic and also acid tolerant

Testing for lactobacilli in the saliva of patients is one way to monitor patients’ dietary intake of carbohydrates

21
Q

Eubacteria

A

pleomorphic, obligate anaerobes found in dental plaque

constitute more than 50% of the anaerobes of periodontal pockets

22
Q

propionibacterium

A

propionibacterium acnes and propionibacterium propionicus

strict anaerobic bacilli found in dental plaque

23
Q

Actinomyces species

A

Major compoenet in dental plaque

In subgingival microbiota of healthy individuals

Actinomyces israelii can be an opportunistic pathogen: can cause actinomycosis chronic inflammation in the orofacial region

24
Q

Gram (-) bacteria

A

cocci: veillonella species
bacilli: aggregatibacteria actino,
fusobacterium
porphyromonas prevotella

Spiral shaped: campylobacter rectus,
treopnema

Pleomorphic: Tannerella forsythia

25
Q

Veillonella species

A

Gram (-) cocci
Anaerobic gram (-) cocci
Found mostly in plaque

26
Q

AAA

A

gram (-) bacilli
found occasionally in subgingival plaque
associated with aggressive periodontitis
stimulate bone resorption

27
Q

Fusobacterium species

A

gram (-) bacilli
Strict anaerobes

Fusobacterium nucleatum:
present in low numbers in healthy subgingival dental biofilm
enriched in periodontal pockets
key bridging organism between the early colonizers and periodontal pathogens
opportunistic pathogen due to its association with systemic diseases

28
Q

Porphyromonas

A

gram (-) bacilli

Utilize proteins and peptides for their metabolism

Porphyromas gingivalis: found almost exclusively at subgingival sites, especially in advanced periodontal lesions; major flora in dental plaque

Porphyromas endodontalis:
identified primarily in infected root canals

29
Q

Prevotella

A

gram (-) bacilli

Strict anaerobes

P. intermedia associated with periodontitis and endodontic infections

Major flora in dental plaque

30
Q

Gram (-) spiral-shaped bacteria

A

Campylobacter rectus
Treponema

31
Q

Campylobacter rectus

A

strict anaerobe and is often found in sites of periodontal disease

agent of chronic periodontal disease

32
Q

Treponema

A

Strict anaerobes
spirochete

T.denticola: associated with progression of periodontal diseases
increase in number in advanced periodontal disease

33
Q

Gram (-) pleomorphic bacteria

A

Tannerella forsythia

34
Q

Tannerlla forsythia

A

gram (-) anaerobe
inhabits subgingival cavity
initiates connective tissue destruction and alveolar bone resorption in periodontal disease

35
Q

Fungi: Candida species

A

Constitute the largest fraction of fungi in the mouth

prevalence of candida in asymptomatic adults is 2-71% and 100% in immunocompromised individuals and those on broad-spectrum antibiotics

Most common site is dorsum of the tongue

Use of dentures and orthodontic appliances increases the incidence

Candida albicans: most common species

36
Q

Viruses

A

Herpes simplex virus type 1
Coxsackievirus
Human papillomavirus types 2,4,6,11 and 16
Hepatitis B and HIV

37
Q

Herpes simplex virus type I

A

Most frequently found in saliva and orofacial region

cause of cold sores, which occur when the latent virus in the trigeminal nerve is activated by stress or ultraviolet light

38
Q

Coxsackievirus

A

detected in saliva and oral epithelium

39
Q

True/false:Human papillomavirus types 2,4,6,11, and 16 are detected in oral lesions of patients with HIV/AIDS

A

True

40
Q

True/false: Hepatitis B and HIV in saliva may pose a cross-infection threat, emphasizing the need for universal precautions

A

True

41
Q

Protozoa

A

Trichomonas tenax and entamoeba gingivalis found in frequently in oral cavity

only 2% of healthy population carries T. tenax but increases to 21% in patients with periodontal disease

42
Q

Factors contributing to disease

A

salivary flow rate: can be affected by medications
diet
tobacco use
integrity of the immune system

43
Q

Main oral habitats:

A

Mucosal surface
teeth
saliva
gingival crevicular fluid

44
Q

Dorsum of tongue

A

Has papillary structures that provide a niche for bacteria that would otherwise be removed by salivary flow

Environment suitable for gram (-), obligately anaerobic bacteria that are involved in periodontal disease and malodor (halitosis)

45
Q

Teeth

A

Constitute a non-shedding surface for bacterial colonization

Bacteria and their polysaccharide products accumulate on tooth surface to produce dental plaque, which is generated both in health and in disease

More present in pits and fissures

Subgingival surfaces are in a more anaerobic environment that supragingival surfaces

46
Q

Saliva

A

Can clear potentially damaging acids produced by plaque bacteria after metabolizing carbohydrates

saliva buffers the pH between 6.75 and 7.25

47
Q

Proteins and glycoproteins in saliva

A

generate the acquired pellicle on tooth surfaces

provide nutrients for normal oral microflora

Aggregate microorganisms to facilitate their removal by swallowing

Inhibit the growth of exogenous microoganisms

48
Q

Gingival crevicular fluid

A

Can remove non-adherent bacteria, introduce igG and neutrophils, and provide peptides and carbohydrates that bacteria can use for their metabolism

The pH increases in the presence of gingivitis and periodontitis, providing a favorable environment for periodontopathogens such as p. gingivalis and P. intermedia

49
Q

Appliances

A

Prosthodontic and orthodontic appliances may act as reservoirs for bacteria and yeasts

one of the causes of candida-associated denture stomatitis is poor denture hygiene

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