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Biology Study Materials > Plants - Unit 5 > Flashcards

Plants - Unit 5 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 5 characteristics of all plants?

A
  • Eukaryotic: nucleus and organelles present
  • Multicellular: with tissues
  • Autotrophic: make own food through photosynthesis
  • Cell wall: cellulose (lack mobility)
  • Reproduction: sexual (seedless/seeds)
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2
Q

What did plants evolve from? Characteristics of ancestor?

A

Plant-like protists: green algae
- mobile
- unicellular & multicellular
(green)
- cellulose cell walls
- energy storage - starch
- lives in water

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3
Q

What are the advantages and disadvantages of plants evolving to survive on the land?

A

Advantages:
- More direct sunlight on land
- More nutrients and minerals on land
- More CO2 is present in air

Disadvantages:
- Limited water
> Problem for photosynthesis & reproduction

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4
Q

What are the 3 types of plants?

A
  • Non vascular
  • Seedless Vascular
  • Seed producing vascular
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5
Q

What are non-vascular plants called? What are their traits?

A

Non vascular plants: Bryophytes
- Depend on diffusion for transport
- Limits size so low to ground
- Reproduce with spores (need water)

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6
Q

What are the traits of seedless vascular plants?

A
  • Vascular system (xylem + phloem)
  • Grow taller
  • Prominent leaves
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7
Q

What are the traits of seed-producing vascular plants? What are the two types of seed-producing vascular plants?

A
  • Seed plants produce seeds containing an embryo
  • Have a seed coat for protection
  • Two types:
    > gymnosperm
    > angiosperm
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8
Q

What are the traits of gymnosperm plants?

A
  • Conifers
  • Grow in cool dry climates
  • Thin needles and waxy cuticle
  • Seeds exposed on scales of cones
  • Pollen and eggs are produced in male and female cones
  • Fertilized eggs form seeds that land on ground and germinate
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9
Q

What are the traits of angiosperm plants?

A
  • Reproduce through flowers
  • Seeds are enclosed in fruit
  • Fruit offer protection for seeds
  • Zygote grows into an embryo
  • Embryo is nourished by seeds called cotyledons
  • Divided into monocots and dicots
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10
Q

What are the traits of shoot system?

A
  • Above ground
  • Functions:
    > photosynthesis
    > reproduction
    > storage
    > transport
    > hormone production
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11
Q

What are the traits of the root system?

A
  • Below ground
  • Functions:
    > anchorage
    > absorption
    > storage
    > transport
    > production of hormones
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12
Q

What are the 3 types of differentiated plant cells?

A
  • Parenchyma cells
  • Collenchyma cells
  • Sclerenchyma cells
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13
Q

Describe parenchyma cells?

A
  • Traits:
    > living
    > flexible
    > thin-walled cells
    > can or cannot contain chloroplasts
  • Functions:
    > storage (in roots and stem)
    > photosynthesis
    > gas exchange in leaves
    > protection in dermal tissue
  • Shape depends on environment
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14
Q

Describe collenchyma cells?

A
  • Traits:
    > elongated
    > cylindrical
    > living
    > lack chloroplasts
  • Play a support role in the tissue of plant
  • THICK primary cell walls (flexibility w/o breaking)
  • Cross section
    > can look like a stone wall
    > can look like thick pipes
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15
Q

Describe sclerenchyma cells? What are the two types of sclerenchyma cell?

A
  • Strong, structural with a primary cell wall and thick secondary cell wall
  • Dead at maturity, no cytoplasm
  • Contain LIGNIN that binds to, stiffens and stabilizes the cellulose in cell wall
  • Two types:
    > sclereids
    > fibres
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16
Q

Describe each type of sclerenchyma cell?

A

Sclereids
- short
- irregular shape
> large circular, big gaps, and red star shapes

Fibres
- thin
- elongate
- join end to end
- continuous fibres
> pic looks like coral reefs

17
Q

What are the 4 types of plants tissues?

A
  • Meristematic tissue
  • Dermal tissue
  • Ground tissue
  • Vascular tissue
18
Q

Describe meristematic tissue? What are the two parts made of meristematic tissue?

A
  • Undifferentiated embryonic plant tissue, matures into specialized cells
  • Regions of constant rapid division of cells (meristems)
  • Gives length and width

Apical meristems
- At root and shoot tips
- Elongates plant (primary growth)

Lateral meristems
- Other locations, form cylinders of tissue
- Mitosis in lateral meristems causes increase in diameter of root and stems (secondary growth)

19
Q

Describe dermal tissue?

A
  • Coats external surface of roots, stems, leaves
  • Epidermis: single dermal layer that makes up plants protective covering
  • Periderm: secondary growth on older woody plants
  • Cuticle: waxy coating secreted on the surface of leaves (minimize water loss)

Specialized epidermal cells
- Guard cells
> Regulates opening of stomata
> Prevents water loss
+ Stomata: allows gas exchange and transpiration on the undersurface of the leaf
- Trichomes
> Tiny growth on epidermis surface
> Fuzzy appearance (sticky)
> Keep leaves cool, decrease evaporation
- Root hairs
> Hairlike structures, extensions of epidermal cells
> Increase surface area, absorption of water and nutrients at roots

20
Q

Describe ground tissue?

A
  • All living tissue in epidermal layers (NOT VASCULAR OF MERISTEMATIC)
  • Consists of all 3 types of cells
  • Functions for photosynthesis, nutrient storage, regeneration and support
21
Q

Describe vascular tissue? What are the two structures made of vascular tissue?

A
  • Internal tubular system in stem, connects roots and leaves
  • Connects water to move up towards leaves, and sugars downwards
  • Two types:
    > xylem
    > phloem
22
Q

Describe the xylem? What are the two types of cells?

A
  • Transports water and minerals one-way up
  • 2 chief types
    > Tracheids
    = Tapered cells, overlapping
    ends (gymno and angio)
    > Vessel elements
    = Long tubes (angio only)
    > Both dead at maturity, remains are lignified cell walls
23
Q

Describe the phloem? What are the two types of cells?

A
  • Living at maturity, food conducting cells (2 way)
  • 2 chief types
    > Sieve tube elements
    = Anucleated (no nucleus) cells
    with perforations at either end
    > Companion cells
    = Nucleated cells, maintain
    vital functions of both types of
    cells, direct activities of sieve
    tubes
24
Q

What are the functions of the roots? Why are they necessary?

A
  • Roots have 3 main functions
    > Anchor plants
    > Absorb and transport water and minerals
    > Store food, water and other nutrients
  • Limited water access
    > Elongated root systems reach underground water
    > Horizontal growing roots can collect from water sources during rainfall
25
Q

What are the two root types? What are their functions?

A
  • Taproots
    > Have a large primary root –primary root= first root to emerge from seeds
    > Used to anchor, absorb and for storage
    = Ex. carrots, dandelion
  • Fibrous roots
    > Have many smaller roots of equal size
    > Shallow growth
    > Monocots have branched roots that grow near the surface and spread to collect water
    = Ex. grass
26
Q

Describe the casparian strip?

A
  • Waterproof band in the endodermis that creates a barrier, forcing water through cells into xylem
  • KNOW DIAGRAM
27
Q

What is the structure of the root?

A
  • Tip = apical meristem, where growth begins
  • The root cap covers the apical meristem and produces a slimy substance for easier growth through the ground
  • Apical meristem replaces cells of the root cap as they are damaged
28
Q

Describe the outer root layers?

A
  • Epidermis
    > Covers outside of the root and root hairs
    > Absorb water and minerals
    > Increases surface area of the root
  • Cortex
    > Region between epidermis and vascular tissue
  • Endodermis
    > Region between cortex and vascular tissue (one cell thick)
29
Q

Describe the stem? What are the two types of stem?

A
  • Supports leaves and reproductive structures and storage
  • Transport link for water and minerals
  • Transport link for sugars from source to sink
  • Grows from tip of the apical meristem
  • Two types:
    > Herbaceous stems
    > Woody stems
30
Q

Describe herbaceous stems?

A
  • Soft, flexible, fleshy
  • Green
  • Photosynthetic
  • Ex. asparagus ( annuals, plants live one growing season)
31
Q

Describe woody stems?

A
  • Hard, rigid, sturdy wood stems
    > Ex. trees, shrubs (live less than one growing season)
  • Often include bark
    > Wood emerges from secondary xylem tissue, produces annual rings from sclerenchyma cells
  • Drier conditions = smaller growth
  • Wet conditions = larger growth
32
Q

What are the five stem adaptations? Briefly describe each?

A
  • Tuber
    > Enlarged part of underground stem
  • Bulb
    > Shortened, compressed stems
  • Corm
    > Stem tissue and scaly leaves
  • Stolons (horizontal)
    > Runners grow along the ground
  • Rhizome
    > Grow underground
33
Q

Describe leaves?

A
  • Major site of photosynthesis
  • Site of gas exchange with the atmosphere
34
Q

What are the two types of leaves? How do you identify each?

A
  • Simple leaf
    > a single, undivided blade, may be loved
  • Compound leaf
    > blade divided into 2 or more distinct leaflets
35
Q

Describe leaf venation (4 types)?

A
  • Palmate
    > veins branch off from common point
  • Pinnate
    > veins branch off along central vein
  • Parallel
    > veins run parallel to central vein
  • Reticulate
    > veins form a web network
36
Q

What are the leaf parts (4 parts)?

A
  • Blade
    > flattened body of the leaf
  • Node
    > location where leaves attach to the stem
  • Antinodes
    > space between 2 nodes
  • Petiole
    > attaches blade to stem
37
Q

Differentiate monocots from dicots?

A

Monocots
- One cotyledon
- Usually parallel veins
- Scattered vascular bundles
- Multiples of three petals
- Fibrous root

Dicots
- Two cotyledons
- Usually net-like veins
- Vascular bundles arranged in ring
- Multiples of four and five flower parts
- Taproot

Biology Study Materials (10 decks)

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