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BIOL 371 > Plants Theme 4 > Flashcards

Plants Theme 4 Flashcards

1
Q

Homeostasis

A

Dynamic process compensating for changes in the internal and external environment

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2
Q

What are the essential elements for plants?

A

Nucleic acids (N & P), amino acids (N & S), enzyme cofactors (Ca), photosynthesis (Mg, Fe), regulation of osmosis (K)

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3
Q

How many essential elements are there for plants?

A

17

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4
Q

What are the essential macronutrients for plants

A

C, H, O (from water), N, P, K, Ca, Mg (mineral nutrients, must be dissolved in water)

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5
Q

What are the essential micronutrients for plants

A

Cu, Cl, Ni (trace quantities)

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6
Q

How much of the atmosphere is composed of nitrogen

A

78%

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7
Q

incorporates atmospheric N into plant available compounds NH4

A

nitrogen fixation

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8
Q

What happens in ammonification?

A

Bacteria breaks down decaying organic N into NH4

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9
Q

Which type of N is prefered by plants

A

NO3, but can take up NH4

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10
Q

What is the process of oxidizing NH4 into NO3

A

nitrification

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11
Q

Which form of nitrogen is moved via xylem in shoot system

A

NH4

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12
Q

Who was credited with saving a billion lives from starvation

A

Borlaug, green revolution

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13
Q

What is Eutrophication?

A

Enrichment of an ecosystem with chemical nutrients with N & P, caused by fertilizer runnoff

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14
Q

What is chlorosis?

A

Yellowing of plant tissue due to lack of chlorophyll

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15
Q

What does Humus do?

A

decomposing organics, holding water and nutrients in the top soil

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16
Q

What is the cation exchange?

A

mineral cations (Mg, Ca, K) adsorb to negative soil particles

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17
Q

What are the two cation exchange processes?

A

cellular respiration, where H from carbonic acid replaces mineral cations in soil.
Root hair, where H from the root hairs replaces mineral cations in soil.
Both allow for the uptake of minerals (Ca, K, Mg)

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18
Q

How do plants take in iron

A

extracted from the soil

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19
Q

What is the rough pH and charge of clay

A

Alkaline (basic-high pH) and negatively charged

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20
Q

Alkaline soils

A

anions leach out easily

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21
Q

acidic soils

A

cations leach out easily

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22
Q

Passive transport

A

No energy, down/with a concentration gradient

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23
Q

Active transport

A

requires energy, against gradient

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24
Q

What is Mycorrhizae

A

The symbiotic association between fungus and plants roots

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25
Q

What increases the plants’ supply of soil nutrients and what is the main nutrient

A

fungus, P

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26
Q

What do root nodule bacteria do?

A

nitrogen fixation

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27
Q

What are the conditions required for iron to be taken up by plants?

A

lower pH and made soluble

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28
Q

What is the water potential of solutes?

A

always negative

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29
Q

What is the water potential of pure water

A

0 Mpa

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30
Q

What effect does pushing have on water potential?

A

increase water potential on side pushed upon

31
Q

What effect does pulling have on water potential?

A

negative pressure (tension), reducing the water potential on the side pulled upon

32
Q

What is wilting?

A

Low turgor pressure in cells of leaves and stems drops turgor pressure. Plants lose more water than they gain (plasmolysis)

33
Q

What creates turgor pressure in plants?

A

osmosis

34
Q

How does water move through the apoplastic pathway

A

moves across cortex to endodermis via cell walls and intercellular space until Casparian strip. Never enters plasma membrane

35
Q

How does water move through the symplastic pathway?

A

moves from cytoplasm of one cell to the next via plasmodesmata

36
Q

How does water enter the xylem?

A

symplastic pathway, casparian strip forces the apoplastic water to enter symplastic

37
Q

What is the fastest route for water to enter the xylem?

A

apoplastic

38
Q

What pathway is water taken up only passively?

A

apoplastic

39
Q

Is water taken up actively or passively in the symplastic pathway

A

both

40
Q

What allows plants to regulate the ions that pass into the vascular tissue, and restricts solutes from flowing back, and is found in the endodermal layer

A

Casparian strip

41
Q

Is the xylem considered apoplastic or symplastic?

A

Apoplastic

42
Q

What percentage of water is metabolized by a plant?

A

10%, the rest is evaporated

43
Q

What is the driving force of water transport (cohesion-tension) in plants

A

transpiration

44
Q

What is the cohesion-tension mechanism

A

transpiration is the driving force, tension is the resulting pulling force, and cohesion is the replacement of water in the xylem through H-bonds

45
Q

What factors resist the negative pressure on the water column in cohesion tension?

A

lignin secondary wall, the weight of the column, and adhesive forces in the xylem

46
Q

How many stomata are on a leaf

A

thousands to millions

47
Q

What is the physical limit of cohesion forces

A

130m

48
Q

When root pressure is strong enough to force water out of leaf openeings

A

Guttation

49
Q

each squared cm contains _________ of xylem veins

A

thousands

50
Q

What does the xylem transport?

A

water and minerals

51
Q

what does the phloem transport?

A

water and organic substances

52
Q

Translocation occurs in the _______. And is able to flow _________

A

phloem, multi-directional

53
Q

What is phloem sap composed of and where does it flow through?

A

water and organic compounds, sieve tubes

54
Q

What drives the flow of phloem sap?

A

pressure differences in source and sink

55
Q

What is the phloem composed of?

A

companion cells and sieve tubes

56
Q

What are 4 characteristics of sieve tubes

A

alive at maturity, undergo apoptosis, lose organelles to increase sap flow, companion cells are the life support for them

57
Q

Any region of a plant where organic substances are loaded into the phloem is the _________ and any region where organic substances are unloaded from the phloem is the __________

A

source, sink

58
Q

What elements of mature sieve tubes are present?

A

mitochondria, ER, plasma membrane, plastids (ME-PP)

59
Q

Sugar loading in the phloem follows which pathway(s)?

A

apoplastic and symplastic, has to eventually get into symplastic to be transported

60
Q

How does sugar move into cell walls of phloem cells?

A

active transport

61
Q

Sugar unloading in the phloem follows which pathway

A

symplastic

62
Q

Load from _____ –> transport to sieve tubes –> unload into _____

A

source, sink

63
Q

Bulk flow from source to sink in order

A
  1. Sucrose synthesized in the source is actively transported into sieve tubes
  2. The water potential of sieve tube is lowered, causing water from xylem to follow vis osmosis
  3. Phloem sap moves in bulk flow towards sink due to lower pressure
  4. Companion cells take in sucrose via active transport, then sucrose into the sink
  5. water potential in sieve tubes rise causing some water to move into roots but most of the water into xylem
64
Q

Where is the stomata located on a leaf?

A

Epidermis

65
Q

What type of division do guard cells undergo, and what is their role

A

symmetric division, controlling the opening and closing of stomata

66
Q

which type of division do companion cells and sieve tubes undergo

A

asymmetric division

67
Q

can transpiration and photosynthesis occur at the same time?

A

no, one occurs at the cost of the other

68
Q

What mechanism causes the opening and closing of the stomata

A

actively transporting K into/out of guard cells

69
Q

A turgid stomata is ______, while a flaccid stomata is _______

A

Open, Closed

70
Q

How does water enter guard cells

A

Proton pumps H out of guard cells via ATP hydrolysis, creating electrochemical gradient leads to K to enter guard cell, water follows via osmosis

71
Q

Which state of the stomata increases photosynthesis?

A

open, allow for CO2 to enter

72
Q

What is ABA (abscisic acid), and where is it synthesized?

A

hormonal signal for closure of the stomata, roots

73
Q

which cells take up ABA from the xylem and release it?

A

mesophyll cells

74
Q

In closed stomata what is the K concentration?

A

low

BIOL 371 (5 decks)

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