Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

BIOL 371 > Animals Theme 4 > Flashcards

Animals Theme 4 Flashcards

1
Q

Definition of Homeostasis

A

Dynamic process compensating/adjusting for changes in the internal and external environment
Maintain a steady state

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the characteristics of external cells

A

Face environment, dead cells, and internalized external cells have rapid turnover which creates a lethal environment for microbes and is responsible for secretions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are characteristics of internal cells

A

protected through homeostasis and bathed in fluids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Osmosis uses _____________ for movement across a membrane

A

Passive difussion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Potential of water molecules to move from hypotonic to hypertonic solution across a membrane

A

Osmotic potential

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Solute molecules and ions per kg of solution

A

Osmolality

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

An organism uses osmotic concentrations of cellular and extracellular solutions to match the environment

A

Osmoconformers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

An organism uses control mechanisms to keep the osmolality of cellular and extra-cellular fluids constant, regardless of the environment

A

Osmoregulators

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are factors in Fick’s law that maximize particle movement

A

minimizing the distance to travel, smaller molecules, increasing pressure, and increasing surface area

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

A Solution of higher osmolality on one side of a membrane is considered

A

Hyperosmotic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

A Solution of lower osmolality on one side of a membrane is considered

A

Hypoosmotic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

solutions of equal osmolality on both sides of the membrane are considered

A

Isosmotic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Marine teleosts body fluid is hypoosmotic to the environment (sea water) which is hyperosmotic. How do they replace water that is lost to the environment due to the differences in osmolality?

A

Marine teleost drink seawater and Cl-, Na+, and K+ are pumped out by chloride cells in gills.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

True or false, water moves from hypotonic to hypertonic solutions

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Freshwater teleosts body fluid is considered __________ to surrounding water

A

Hyperosmotic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are the contents in blood plasma

A

water, ions (Na, K, Cl, HCO3, Ca, H), proteins (globulins, albumin, fibrinogens), nutrients, and gas (O2, CO2)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are the components of blood

A

Plasma, erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is Ohm’s Law with respect to the heart

A

Flow = pressure/resistance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

How do arteries control blood distribution?

A

adjusting the vessel diameter to increase or decrease resistance

20
Q

Which organisms have a single circuit blood system

A

Fish

21
Q

Which organisms have a double circuit blood system

A

birds and mammals

22
Q

which organisms have a variable circuit blood system

A

amphibians and reptiles

23
Q

What allows for giraffes to sustain hypertension (high blood pressure)

A

Thick and flexible ventricles, dense connective tissue in the legs, and pooling blood in the veins

24
Q

What do the Krebs cycle and oxidative phosphorylation have in common in regard to gas exchange?

A

They both consume oxygen and produce CO2

25
Q

What would be the consequences of poor ventilation

A

Oxygen concentration would fall and CO2 concentration would rise
Ventilation allows for the bulk flow of air and gas exchange

26
Q

How could you relate Fick’s law to the blood circulatory system

A

Alveoli have large surface area to support high rates of diffusion

27
Q

How does counter current exchange work in fish gills

A

The water entering the gills moves in the opposite direction of blood flow. The water entering has a higher oxygen content than the blood at all points which allows for oxygen to diffuse through the gills into the blood.

28
Q

How does crosscurrent exchange work in birds

A

The incoming air is perpindicular to the flow of blood

29
Q

How does uniform pool exchange work in mammals

A

The intake of oxygen is circulated in the lungs and mixes with CO2 to make a dilute mixture which contacts the blood to oxygenate the blood

30
Q

What is the most efficient pattern of gas exchange within animals

A

Counter current

31
Q

Human extra cellular fluid pH

A

7.4

32
Q

What effects does pH have on proteins

A

alters charge, changes protein shape, and affects solubility, function, and enzymatic activity

33
Q

Ventilation operates at a _____ rate, while excretion/diffusion of HCO3 or H operates _____

A

Fast, Slow

34
Q

What is the body’s response to acidosis

A

increase respiration rate, decrease blood CO2, decrease blood H2CO3 (carbonic acid), increase HCO3 (bicarbonate), and increase pH

35
Q

What is the body’s response to alkalosis

A

decrease respiration rate, increase blood CO2, increase blood H2CO3 (carbonic acid), decrease HCO3 (bicarbonate), decrease pH

36
Q

An increase in protons in the blood will increase the amount of

A

Carbonic acid

37
Q

The more basic the human blood the ________ the saturation of oxygen on hemoglobin

A

greater

38
Q

What lowers the binding affinity of oxygen on hemoglobin

A

decreasing the pH (increasing acidity)

39
Q

A non-selective function of excretion that forces small ions and solutes into Bowman’s capsule that produces a filtrate

A

Filtration

40
Q

A selective function of excretion that removes useful soltes from filtrate and returns them to the blood

A

Reabsorption

41
Q

A selective function of excretion that adds solutes from body fluids to filtrate

A

Secretion

42
Q

What gives the flame cell its name

A

The beating cilia

43
Q

Flame cells are present in which excretory tube, and where is the urine secreted through

A

Protonephridia, surface of the skin

44
Q

What does Protonephridia translate to

A

Before nephrons/kidneys

45
Q

In metanephridia where does the filtrate flow along, and where is the urine secreted from

A

Coelomic cavities, pores on the surface

46
Q

What are the excretory tubules of an insect

A

malpighian tubules

47
Q

What brings water into malpighian tubules for insects

A

K+ secreted into tubules brings Cl- ions which allows water to enter via osmosis

BIOL 371 (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions