Animals Theme 4 Flashcards
Definition of Homeostasis
Dynamic process compensating/adjusting for changes in the internal and external environment
Maintain a steady state
What are the characteristics of external cells
Face environment, dead cells, and internalized external cells have rapid turnover which creates a lethal environment for microbes and is responsible for secretions
What are characteristics of internal cells
protected through homeostasis and bathed in fluids
Osmosis uses _____________ for movement across a membrane
Passive difussion
Potential of water molecules to move from hypotonic to hypertonic solution across a membrane
Osmotic potential
Solute molecules and ions per kg of solution
Osmolality
An organism uses osmotic concentrations of cellular and extracellular solutions to match the environment
Osmoconformers
An organism uses control mechanisms to keep the osmolality of cellular and extra-cellular fluids constant, regardless of the environment
Osmoregulators
What are factors in Fick’s law that maximize particle movement
minimizing the distance to travel, smaller molecules, increasing pressure, and increasing surface area
A Solution of higher osmolality on one side of a membrane is considered
Hyperosmotic
A Solution of lower osmolality on one side of a membrane is considered
Hypoosmotic
solutions of equal osmolality on both sides of the membrane are considered
Isosmotic
Marine teleosts body fluid is hypoosmotic to the environment (sea water) which is hyperosmotic. How do they replace water that is lost to the environment due to the differences in osmolality?
Marine teleost drink seawater and Cl-, Na+, and K+ are pumped out by chloride cells in gills.
True or false, water moves from hypotonic to hypertonic solutions
True
Freshwater teleosts body fluid is considered __________ to surrounding water
Hyperosmotic
What are the contents in blood plasma
water, ions (Na, K, Cl, HCO3, Ca, H), proteins (globulins, albumin, fibrinogens), nutrients, and gas (O2, CO2)
What are the components of blood
Plasma, erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets
What is Ohm’s Law with respect to the heart
Flow = pressure/resistance
How do arteries control blood distribution?
adjusting the vessel diameter to increase or decrease resistance
Which organisms have a single circuit blood system
Fish
Which organisms have a double circuit blood system
birds and mammals
which organisms have a variable circuit blood system
amphibians and reptiles
What allows for giraffes to sustain hypertension (high blood pressure)
Thick and flexible ventricles, dense connective tissue in the legs, and pooling blood in the veins
What do the Krebs cycle and oxidative phosphorylation have in common in regard to gas exchange?
They both consume oxygen and produce CO2
