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Biodiversity > Plants > Flashcards

Plants Flashcards

1
Q

What is biodiversity?

A

The variety of life, in all its manifestations. It encompasses all forms, levels and combinations of natural variation.

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2
Q

How much biomass - excluding microbes - do plants represent?

A

90%

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3
Q

What do Plants provide for humans?

A

Feed us, provide drugs, materials for clothing and building, one of our main sources of fuel - living and dead

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4
Q

For how much of Earths history was the land face largely lifeless?

A

3000my

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5
Q

When did plants begin to colonise land?

A

500mya

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6
Q

When did plants evolve to grow tall, leading to the first forests?

A

370mya

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7
Q

How many known plant species are there?

A

> 290 000

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8
Q

How do plants enable other forms to exist successfully on land?

A

Roots provide habitats by anchoring the soil, supply oxygen and provide food for terrestrial

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9
Q

What key characterises are shared by plants and protists?

A

multicellular eukaryotes, photosynthetic autotrophs

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10
Q

What else, other than plants have cell walls made of cellulose?

A

Green algae - charophytes and dinoflagellates

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11
Q

What are charophytes?

A

Division of freshwater green algae, possibly closest relative to land plants.

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12
Q

What similarities to charophytes and green algae share?

A

Rosette shaped cellulose, Peroxisome enzymes, Formation of phragmoplast, Structure of flagellated sperm

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13
Q

How are protein arrays arranged in non charophyte algae?

A

Linear

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14
Q

Describe what is meant by Rosette shaped cellulose

A

Cells have circular petal shaped arrays of protein on the plasma membrane, which synthesise cellulose microfibrils

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15
Q

What is the phragomplast?

A

Mechanism in plant and charophyte cell division, forms during late cytokinesis, a group of microtubules that form between the dividing nuclei acts as a scaffold for forming cell plate

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16
Q

Where do charophytes live?

A

shallow waters at the edge of ponds and lakes

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17
Q

How did natural selection in the habitat of charophytes lead to the evolution of land plats?

A

Live in habitats that may dry out, so selection favours plants that can withstand long periods out of the water.

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18
Q

What feature do charophytes have to protect their zygote when dry?

A

Strong sporopollenin walls

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19
Q

What are the benefits of moving onto land?

A

Bright, unfiltered sunlight, more plentiful CO2, soil rich in minerals and nutrients, relatively few herbivores

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20
Q

What were the physiological problems did plants have to overcome moving onto land?

A

Water balance, Availability of essential nutrients and gases, Support, UV protection, reproductive strategy

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21
Q

How did plants adapt to limited water availability on land?

A

No longer bathed in water, had to use rhizoids/Roots, xylem, cuticle and stomata

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22
Q

How did plants adapt to obtain nutrients and gases on land?

A

Collect from soil and atmosphere using roots and stomata

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23
Q

How did plants adapt to support on land?

A

use lignified conducting tissues

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24
Q

How did plants adapt to UV protection on land?

A

use of a cuticle

25
Q

How did plants adapt their reproductive strategy for life on land?

A

protected by sporopollenin, dispersal by new vectors

26
Q

What are the derived traits shared by plants?

A

Alternation of generations and multicellular dependent embryo
Walled spores produced in Sporangia
Multicellular Gametangia
Apical Meristems

27
Q

What is alteration of generations?

A

Lifecycle alternates between multicellular haploid organisms and multicellular haploid organisms, each generation gives rise to the other

28
Q

What is the diploid generation called?

A

Sporophytes

29
Q

What is the haploid generation called?

A

Gametophyte

30
Q

Why was the haploid stage named gametophyte?

A

Named because it is the gamete producing plant, production of haploid gametes by mitosis.

31
Q

How is the diploid sporophyte formed?

A

Fertilisation of haploid gametes, diploid zygote is created, mitotic division of zygote leads to new sporophyte plant

32
Q

Why is the diploid stage named sporophyte?

A

Meiosis is a mature sporophyte produces haploid spores, that can develop into a new haploid organism with mitosis

33
Q

Where do multicellular embryos develop?

A

In the tissues of female gametophyte, from zygotes. The parent tissue provides nutrients via special placental transfer cells

34
Q

What are plant spores?

A

Haploid reproductive cells that can grow into multicellular haploid gametophytes

35
Q

What polymer makes walls of spore tough and resistant?

A

Sporopollenin

36
Q

What does sporopollenin allow plants to do?

A

Disperse spores through dry air without harm

37
Q

Where are spores produced?

A

On the sporophyte, in multicellular organs called sporangia

38
Q

How are spores made in the sporangia?

A

Diploid cells called sporocytes undergo meiosis and generate haploid spores

39
Q

What are the differences in the way charophytes and sporophyte produce their pores?

A

No multicellular sporangia in charophytes, and their spores lack sporopollenin

40
Q

Where are the gametes in plants produce?

A

Gametangia

41
Q

What are the female gamentangia called?

A

Archegonia

42
Q

Describe the archegonia

A

Pear shaped organs that produce a single non motile egg, retained in the bulbous part of the organ.

43
Q

What are male gametangia called?

A

Antheridia

44
Q

Describe the antheridia

A

Produce sperm and release them into the environment.

45
Q

How does the sperm reach the eggs in many modern day plants?

A

Have flagella and swim to the eggs through water droplets.

46
Q

What are the essential resources plants have to gain from their surroundings?

A

Co2, Light, Water, minerals and nutrients

47
Q

What are apical meristems?

A

Localised regions of cell division at the tips of roots and shoots.

48
Q

What are secondary compounds?

A

products of secondary metabolic pathways

49
Q

What are the secondary products in plants?

A

alkaloids, tamarins, Flavinoids

50
Q

What are non vascular plants called?

A

Bryophytes

51
Q

What are vascular plants Called?

A

Tracheophytes

52
Q

What are the distinguishing features of bryophytes?

A

Conducting tissues not lignified, gametophyte dominant with sporophyte subsidiary.

53
Q

What are the distinguishing features of sporophytes?

A

Conducting tissues lignified, sporophyte dominant, with gametophyte subsidiary.

54
Q

What is the plant kingdom known as?

A

Embryophta

55
Q

What are the three classes in the division Bryophyta?

A

Hepatics - Liverworts, Musci - mosses, Anthocerotes - Hornworts

56
Q

What are the throw classes of tracheophytes?

A

Pteridophytes, Gymnosperms, Angiosperms

57
Q

What are the orders of pteridophytes?

A

Lycopsids, Spenopsids, Ferns

58
Q

What are the orders of Gymnosperms?

A

Cycads, conifers, conifers, ginkgos, genetales

Biodiversity (24 decks)

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