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Biodiversity > Angiosperms > Flashcards

Angiosperms Flashcards

1
Q

How many species of angiosperm are there?

A

250 000

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2
Q

What are they important for?

A

Food source, Commercial products, Influence climate

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3
Q

What is a flower?

A

A feature specialised for sexual reproduction, a specialised shoot with modified sporpphyll

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4
Q

What are the sporophyte in angiosperms called?

A

Floral organs

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5
Q

What are the different floral organs?

A

Sepals, Petals, Stamen and carpel

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6
Q

What are the sepals?

A

Usually green and enclose the flower before it opens

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7
Q

What are the petals?

A

Brightly coloured to attract pollinators- not in wind pollinated plants,

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8
Q

Why are the petals and sepal sterile floral organs?

A

Not directly involved in reproduction

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9
Q

What is the role of the stamens?

A

Produce microspores that develop into pollen grains containing male gametophytes

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10
Q

How are the stamens structured?

A

Composed of a filamentous sac and the anther, where the pollen is produced

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11
Q

What is the role of the carpel?

A

Make megaspores and the female gametophytes, number is analogous, depends on species

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12
Q

How is the carpel structured?

A

At the tip is a sticky stigma that receives pollen. Style leads from the stigma to the ovary at the base of the carpel

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13
Q

What are the fruits?

A

Typically is a mature ovary

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14
Q

How does the fruit form?

A

Develops from ovules after fertilisation as the wall of the ovary thickens

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15
Q

What is the role of the fruit?

A

protect dormant seeds and aid in their dispersal

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16
Q

Where are the male gametophytes?

A

In the pollen

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17
Q

Where are the female gametophyte?

A

In the ovule

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18
Q

How is the pollen grain structured?

A

Two haploid cells, one is generative and develops into two sperm, the other is the tube cell

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19
Q

What happens when the pollen reached the stigma?

A

Pollen tube grows down style, sperm travel through micropyle - pore in the integument, and discharge into the female gametophyte

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20
Q

How does fertilisation occur?

A

One of the sperm will fertilise the egg, forming a diploid zygote, the other fuses with the two nuclei in the large central cell, producing a triploid cell

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21
Q

What is double fertilisation?

A

One fertilisation event produces a diploid embryo and a triploid cell - unique to angiosperms

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22
Q

What is the function of the triploid cell?

A

cell divides repeatedly and develops into the endosperm, which is a tissue rich in starch and other reserves that nourish the developing embryo

23
Q

What is the function of double fertilisation?

A

Hypothesis is the it wouldn’t be beneficial to develop endosperm and waste resources if the egg isn’t fertilised, so is a way of conserving resources

24
Q

What happens once the seed gets to a favourable environment?

A

Coat ruptures and embryo emerges as a seedling, using food stored in the endosperm and cotyledons

25
Q

How is the female gametophyte produced?

A

Occurs in the ovary. meiosis occurs to form four haploid cells, only one survives, splits by mitosis to form 8 cells, 7 within a single embryo sac are accessory and polar cells for formation of the seed and one which is the egg

26
Q

How is the mate gametophyte produced?

A

In the pollen, single diploid uncle splits by meiosis into four haploid cells, each become a pollen grain, then split again. Pollen grain consists of generative cell and tube cell

27
Q

How did Angiosperms evolve?

A

Named the abominable mystery, not sure

28
Q

When did the major branches of the clade diverge?

A

In the late mesozoic

29
Q

When did they begin to dominate?

A

By mid cretaceous

30
Q

What is the oldest fossil of angiosperms?

A

Archaefructus liaoningensis

31
Q

Where may angiosperms have diverged?

A

From aquatic plants - herbaceous

32
Q

What are the four Angiosperm lineages?

A

Monocots, Dicots, Basal Angiosperms, Magnolids

33
Q

What are cotyledons?

A

seed leaves formed in the seed, switch plant from living on seed reserves to photosynthesis - different genetics to mature leaves

34
Q

How many cotyledons in a Monocot?

A

1

35
Q

How many cotyledons in a Eudicot?

A

2

36
Q

What is the vascular tissue in a Monocot?

A

Parallel veins

37
Q

What is the vascular tissue in a Eudicot?

A

Net - reticulated

38
Q

What are the stomata like in Monocots?

A

In lines, equal both surfaces, subsidiary ceel

39
Q

What are the stomata like in Eudicots?

A

Scattered, on underside, no subsidiary cells

40
Q

What is a subsidiary cell?

A

plant epidermal cell that is located next to a guard cell in the stoma of a leaf and differs in structure from other epidermal cells

41
Q

What is the vascular system of the stem in Monocots?

A

In bundlues, throughout the stem

42
Q

What is the vascular system of the stem in eudicots?

A

Ring near the surface

43
Q

Cambium in Monocots?

A

Absent

44
Q

Cambium in eudicots?

A

Present

45
Q

What is cambium?

A

Partially undifferentiated cells required for cell growth and secondary tissues

46
Q

What is the root system like in Monocots?

A

Fibrous, Adventous

47
Q

What is the root system like in Eudicots?

A

Taproot

48
Q

What is the flower structure in Monocots?

A

Multiples of 3

49
Q

What is the flower structure in Eudicots>

A

In Four or Five parts

50
Q

Pollen grains in Monocots?

A

Monosulcate

51
Q

Pollen grains in Eudicots

A

Tricolplate

52
Q

How are Angiosperms distributed?

A

Occur everywhere apart from S antarctic

53
Q

Which are the only area dominated by gymnosperms?

A

Basal forests, Temperate forest and juniper savannah

54
Q

In what ways are angiosperms diverse?

A

Seed types, dispersal mode, Leaf shape, stem form, root form

Biodiversity (24 decks)

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