Plants Flashcards
Are plants heterotrophic or autotrophic?
AUTOTROPHIC!!!
What are cell walls made out of?
Plants: Cellulose
Fungi: Chitin
What do plants store carbs as?
Starcg
Bryophytes
Lack vascular tissue
Moist environments only because have to absorb water
Tiny
Examples of bryophytes
Mosses, liverworts, and hornworts
Tracheophytes
Vascular tissue
Seedless plants and seed plants
What are tracheophytes divided into?
Seedbearing ones are divided into:
Gymnosperms and angiosperms
Gymnosperms
Conifers
Have cones that seeds are formed on
Evergreens
Angiosperms
Flowering plants
What are angiosperms subdivided into?
Monocots and dicots
Example of Monocots
Grasses, wheat, corn, oats, rice and other typical food
Also palm trees
Examples of dicots
Oak, walnut, and cherry trees
Daises, roses, carrots
Most flowering plants and trees
Cutin
waxy coating on leaves
Meristem tissue
constantly divides
lets plants keep growing
Primary growth
plants vertical growth
Zone of cell division
part of primary growth
the part of a root tip where mitosis is occurring
Zone of elongation
Cells elongate and push the root further down into the soil
Zone of differentiation
cells start to specialize
Secondary growth
lateral growth
increase in girth
Epidermis
Covers the entire surface of the root
Cortex
Primarily for storage
Parenchyma cells for storage
Stele
Transport
consists of vascular tissues
Endoderm
wrapped tightly with the Casparian strip
selects what minerals enter the vascular system
Rhizobium
Symbiotic bacterium that lives in the nodules on roots of specific legumes
Taproot
Single, large root that gives rise to lateral branch roots
Adventitious roots
Roots that rise above ground
Two types of adventitious roots
Aerial roots
Prop roots
Aerial roots
Trees that grow in swamps have aerial roots
stick out of the water
Prop roots
Grow aboveground
Ex: corn
Function of the stem
support
Difference in stems of dicots and monocots
Dicots have a center pith and vascular tissue runs around the center
Monocots have randomly assorted vascular bundles
Function of the leaf
Maximize sugar production while minimizing water loss
Stomates
Open to allow photosynthesis to take place, but have to close to avoid major water loss
What would happen if stomates were open all the time?
Transpiration
Loss of water from the leaf
Guard cells
Control the opening and closing of the stomates in response to changes in water pressure
Turgid
cell has a lot of water
cell wall bends
stomates open
Flaccid
cell lacks water
stomate closes
Dermal tissue
Outer protective covering of plants and usually consists of a single layer of epidermal cells
do not photosynthesize
Tichomes
spikelike projections that protect the leaf
Vascular tissue
transports water and nutrients up and down the plant
Two types of vascular tissue
Xylem
Phloem
Ground tissue
makes up all the other tissue besides vascular and dermal
Three cells of ground tissue
Parenchyma: traditional plant cell
Collenchyma: thick primary cell wall, but no secondary cell wall
Sclerenchyma: thick primary and cell walls (husky)
Xylem
carries WATER and nutrients up the plant
has tracheids and vessel elements
does not use energy to transport
How does xylem transport?
No energy
Uses transpirational pull and cohesion tension
How does transpirational pull and cohesion tension work?
For each water molecule that evaporates cause of transpirational pull
Another is replaced by cohesion tension
Phloem
carries SUGAR up the plant
uses translocation which requires energy
Vegetative propagation
Asexual reproduction
Petals
Brightly colored, modified leaves found just inside the circle of sepals
attract animals that will pollinate the plant
Sepals
outermost circle of leaves
enclose the bud before it opens
Pistils or carpels
female part of the flower
produce female gametophytes (ova)
Ovary
swollen part of pistil that contains the female gametophytes (ova)
Ovule
actually inside the ovary where the ova is truly produced
Style
thin stalk of the pistil
bottleneck up the center of the plant
Stigma
rectangle ontop of the style
pollen lands here
Stamen
male part of the flower
consists of anther and fliament
Anther
ontop of the filament
where sperm is produced
Filament
threadlike structure that supports the anther
How does sexual reproduction start?
Pollination: one pollen grain lands on the stigma
Then, sperm travel down into the ovary
Endosperm
food for the growing embryo (fruit)
What do the ovule and ovary become?
Ovule: becomes the seed
Ovary: becomes the fruit
Hypocotyl
part of the seed that becomes the lower part of the stem and the roots
Epicotyl
part of the seed that becomes the upper part of the stem
Cotyledon vs. endosperm
Cotyledon: food source for seed in dicots
Endosperm: food source for seed in monocots
Gametophyte
haploid (n)
fuse to produce 2n zygotes
Sporophyte
diploid
produces haploid cells
Are mosses primarily haploid or diploid?
Haploid
Gametophyte
Are ferns primarily haploid of diploid?
Diploid
Sporophyte
only by a little
Are flowering plants (angiosperms) haploid or diploid?
diploid
sporophyte
Auxin
hormone
enhance apical dominance (growing upwards)
used as a weed killer, pesticide, and lots of other farming things
Cytokinins
Stimulate cytokinesis and cell division
Gibberellins
promote stem and leaf elongation
induce bolting (rapid growth)
Abscisic acid
inhibits growth and promotes seed dormancy
Ethylene
gas
promotes ripening
Tropisms
growth of a plant away from or towards a stimulus
Caused by an unequal distribution of auxins
