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Human Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

2 Tasks of the Human Digestive System

A
  1. Breaking down large food molecules into smaller, usable, molecules
  2. Absorbing these smaller molecules
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2
Q

Mouth and Digestion

A

Mechanical digestion (teeth cut)

Chemical digestion (salivary amylase)

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3
Q

Salivary Amylase

A

Enzyme in the mouth (saliva) that starts chemical digestion

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4
Q

Esophagus

A

No digestion occurs here

Transports food from throat to stomach

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5
Q

Epiglottis

A

a flap of catilage at the back of the throat that directs food away from the windpipe and into esophagus

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6
Q

Pharynx

A

fancy word for throat

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7
Q

Stomach

A

Protein digestion begins here

Stomachs thick muscular walls churns food which secretes gas to break them down

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8
Q

Pepsinogen

A

Found in the stomach

Inactive form of the enzyme PEPSIN which breaks down proteins

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9
Q

pH in the stomach

A

Acidic

Between 2-3

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10
Q

What causes an ulcer?

A

Excessive acid in the stomach

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11
Q

Small Intestine

A

Digestion is completed here (last digest)

pH is 8

Small intestine is 6 meters longs

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12
Q

Intestinal enzymes

A

Amylases

Proteases

Lipases

Nucleases

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13
Q

Peptidases

A

Break down proteins in small intestine

Makes sense because of peptide bond

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14
Q

Villi

A

Fingerlike projections that line the small intestine

Absorb nutrients

Have microvilli that further enhance the rate of absorption

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15
Q

Liver

A

produces bile that emulsifies fats

recycles red blood cells

detoxs drugs and alcohol

produces cholesterol

produces nitrogenous waste: urea

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16
Q

pH of Bile

A

11

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17
Q

Gallbladder

A

stores bile that was produced by liver

Vestigal structure (don’t need it to survive)

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18
Q

Pancreas

A
  1. Produces enzymes
  2. Produces sodium bicarbonate
  3. Produces hormones to control blood sugar levels
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19
Q

Sodium bicarbonate

A

Produced in the pancreas

Neutralizes stomach acid to allow enzymes a BASIC environment to function

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20
Q

Large Intestine

Colon

A

No digestion occurs here

  1. Egestion: removes undigested waste
  2. Vitamin production
  3. Reabsoption of water
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21
Q

Reabsoption of water

A

Takes place in the large intestine

If there is too much water reabsorbed=constipation

If not enough water is reabsorbed=diarrhea

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22
Q

Rectum

A

Last 7 to 8 inches of the gastrointestinal tract which stores feces

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23
Q

What happens when air enters the nasal cavity

A

It is moistened, warmed, and filtered

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24
Q

Alveoli

A

Tiny air sacs in the lung where cellular respiration takes place

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25
Q

How is air drawn into the lungs?

A

Negative pressure

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26
Q

Medulla

A

Part of the brain that sets the breathing rhythm by monitoring CO2 levels and pH levels in blood

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27
Q

How is oxygen carried in the human blood?

A

By hemoglobin

Combines with oxygen molecules to form oxyhemoglobin

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28
Q

How is CO2 carried in the human blood?

A

Dissolved in the blood and is carried as part of plasma

Carbonic acid-bicarbonate ion system

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29
Q

pH of the human blood

A

7.4

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30
Q

Artery

A

Carries blood away from the heart

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31
Q

Vein

A

Carries blood back to the heart

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32
Q

Capillary

A

Allows for diffusion of nutrients and wastes between cells and blood

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33
Q

Blood

A

Different types of cells suspended in a liquid matrix called plasma

4 to 6 liters in average body

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34
Q

Serum

A

Blood plasma minus the clotting factors

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35
Q

What does your body need to clot?

A

Calcium

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36
Q

Plasma

A

Liquid portion of the blood

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37
Q

Red blood cells

A

Carry hemoglobin and oxygen

Formed in bone marrow

Live about 120 days

no nucleus

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38
Q

White blood cells

A

Fight infection

formed in bone marrrow

die fighting infection

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39
Q

Platelets

A

clot blood

cell fragments

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40
Q

How many beats per minute does the heart do?

A

70

pumps 5 liters too

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41
Q

Atria

A

Recieve blood from the cells

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42
Q

Ventricles

A

Pump blood out of the heart

43
Q

Sinoatrial Node

A

Sets the timing of the contractions of the heart through electrical impulses

44
Q

Where is BP the lowest

A

In the veins

45
Q

Where is BP the highest

A

In the arteries

46
Q

Systolic number

A

top of BP number 120/80 (it is the 120)

measure of the pressure when ventricles contract

47
Q

Diastolic number

A

bottom of BP number 120.80 (it is the 80)

think Diastolic=denominator=down

Measurement of pressure when heart relaxes

48
Q

Cornonary circulation

A

Blood through the heart

49
Q

Renal circulation

A

Blood through kidneys

50
Q

Hepatic circulation

A

Blood through liver

51
Q

Specialness of pulmonaries

A

P. artery= the only artery that carries deoxygenated blood

P. vein= only vein that carries oxygenated blood

52
Q

Epinephrine

A

Fight or flight hormone (adrenaline) that is secreted by both the nervous and endocrine system

53
Q

Where are hormones produced?

A

In ductless glands

54
Q

Tropic hormones

A

Hormones that stimulate other glands to release hormones

55
Q

Pheromones

A

Carry a message between different individuals of the same species

Ex: Dog piss

56
Q

Hypothalamus

A

Bridge between the nervous system and the endocrine system

In stress it is part of the nervous system

Also controls hunger and thirst

57
Q

Anterior pituitary

A

Growth hormone

58
Q

Posterior pituitary

A

Stimulates contractions of uterus and mammary glands

59
Q

Thyroid

A

Controls metabolic rate

60
Q

Parathyroid

A

Raises blood calcium levels

61
Q

Adrenal cortex

A

Raises blood sugar levels

62
Q

Insulin

A

Lowers blood glucose levels

63
Q

Thryoid

A

stimulates T lymphocytes as part of the immune response

64
Q

Estrogen

A

Stimulates uterine lining

65
Q

Progesterone

A

Promotes uterine lining growth

66
Q

Testes

A

Support sperm production

67
Q

Two different types of hormones

A

Steroid and nonsteroidal hormones

68
Q

Lipid or steriod hormines

A

Diffuse directly though the plasma membrane and bind to a receptor inside the cell that triggers the cell’s response

69
Q

Protein or nonsteroid hormones

A

Have to bind to a receptor on the cell to be diffused

70
Q

Central Nervous system (CNS)

A

Consists of the brain and the spinal cord

71
Q

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

A

Consists of all nerves outside the CNS

72
Q

Somatic System

A

part of PNS

controls the voluntary muscles

73
Q

Autonomic System

A

part of PNS

controls involuntary muscles

74
Q

Sympathetic

A

Flight or fight response

Increases heart rate and breathing

75
Q

Parasympathetic

A

Opposes the sympathetic system

calms the body

decreases heart/breathing rate

76
Q

Dendrite

A

Cytoplasmic extension of the neuron

Sensory

Receive incoming messages from other cells and carry the electrical signal to the body

77
Q

Axons

A

Cyptoplasmic extension of the neuron

Transmit an impulse from the cell body outward to another cell

Each neuron only has one axon which can be several feet long

78
Q

Reflex Arch

A

The simplest nerve response

It is like the knee-jerk response at the doctor’s office

Spinal cord is not involved in these responses

79
Q

Membrane Potential

A

difference in electrical charge between the cytoplasm and extracellular fluid

exhibited in all living things

80
Q

Resting potential

A

A neuron at rest is polarized and has a membrane potential of -70 mV

81
Q

What has to happen for a nerve to fire?

A

A stimulus must be strong enough to overcome the resting potential

82
Q

Action potential

A

Can only be generated in the axon of a neuron

There is a rapid movement of ions called wave of depolarization and this reverses the polarity of the membrane

83
Q

Cones

A

Photoreceptors in the retina that distinguish different colors

84
Q

Cornea

A

tough clear covering that protects the eye and allows light to pass through

85
Q

Humor

A

fluids that maintain the shape of the eyeball

86
Q

Iris

A

colored part of the eye that controls how much light gets in

87
Q

Lens

A

focuses light onto the retina

88
Q

Pupil

A

small opening in the middle of the iris

89
Q

Retina

A

converts light into nerve impulses that are carried to the brain

90
Q

Rods

A

photoreceptors in the retina that are extremely sensitive, but do not distinguish different colors

91
Q

Auditory canal

A

ear canal where sound enters

92
Q

Cochlea

A

fluid-filled part of inner ear, sends nerve impulses to brain

93
Q

Ear bones

A

transmit vibrations from the ear drum to the oval window

94
Q

Eustachian tube

A

equalizes pressure between environment and inner ear

95
Q

Oval window

A

sends waves of pressure to the cochlea

96
Q

Semicircular canals

A

fliuid filled, helps you maintain your balance

97
Q

Tympanum

A

ear drum

vibrates as sound waves hit it

98
Q

Excretion

A

the removal of metabolic wastes

skin gets rid of sweat

lungs excrete water vapor and CO2 through resp

99
Q

Antidiuretic Hormone

A

Released by the posterior pituitary

Kidney

Regulates BP

100
Q

Nephron

A

Basic functional unit of the kidney

Consists of a cluster of capillaries

101
Q

Bowman’s capsule

A

Related to kidney

Cuplike structure

102
Q

Four steps the Nephron carries out

A
  1. Filtration by diffusion into Bowman’s capsule
  2. Secretion active uptake of molecules not filtered into Bowman’s capsule
  3. Reabsoption water that entered during filtration are reabsorbed
  4. Excretion
103
Q

Three types of muscle

A
  1. Smooth: makes up walls of blood vessels and digestive tract
  2. Skeletal muscles: ex. biceps and triceps
  3. Cardiac muscles: found in the heart (beats on its own)
104
Q

Sliding Filament Theroy

A

Within the cytoplasm of skeletal muscle cells there are actin and myosin proteins

In order to contract and expand the actin and myosin slide over eachother

Biology Subject Test (6 decks)

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