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Biodiversity Exam 2 > Plants 2 > Flashcards

Plants 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two types of true vascular tissue found in vascular plants?

A

Xylem and phloem

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2
Q

Are vascular plants more or less structurally complex than nonvascular plants?

A
  • More
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3
Q

Gametophytes of vascular plants are ________?

A

Small and multicellular

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4
Q

What are the 2 groups vascular plants can be divided into?

A

Lycophytes and euphyllophytes

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5
Q

All land plants grow in this way:

A

Apically

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6
Q

What is lignin?

A

A polymer that gives wood its strength

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7
Q

Do all land plants produce secondary lateral growth?

A

No, only some

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8
Q

What are primary tissues?

A

They develop from apical meristems and develop into roots, stems, and leaves

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9
Q

What are secondary tissues?

A

Tissues that develop later within primary growth and thicken the root and stem

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10
Q

What are xylem?

A

Water conducting tissue

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11
Q

What are xylem composed of?

A

tracheids and vessel members

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12
Q

What are phloem composed of?

A

Sieve tube cells and companion cells

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13
Q

What are phloem?

A

Food conducting cells

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14
Q

What is the epidermis?

A

Outermost layer of stems and leaves in a jigsaw pattern

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15
Q

Stomates are found where?

A

Epidermis

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16
Q

What is the function of guard cells?

A

Regulate gas exchange and minimize water loss

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17
Q

Trichome’S are specialized cells that are located where?

A

Above ground - stems and leaves

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18
Q

What are the cortex and pith?

A

Primary ground tissues

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19
Q

Where are the cortex and pith located?

A

The pith is located in the center, surrounded by vascular bundles and with cortex on the outerlayer

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20
Q

What does a shoot consist of?

A

Stem and leaves

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21
Q

Where do primary tissues arise?

A

Apical meristem

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22
Q

Where do lateral shoots arise?

A

Axillary buds

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23
Q

Stems and leaves develop from where?

A

Shoot apex

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24
Q

What is the innermost layer of root cortices?

A

Endodermis

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25
Q

Name the strip that is attached to the plasma membrane of the cell

A

Casparian strip

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26
Q

What does the Casparian strip contain?

A

Suberin

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27
Q

What is the function of the Casparian strip?

A

Block the movement of water between cells

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28
Q

What is the function of Suberin?

A

Seal the endodermis so water no longer moves into the vascular cylinder

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29
Q

What is a protostele?

A

The earliest arrangement of primary vascular tissues in stems and roots with a solid core of xylem is in the center

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30
Q

Describe the arrangement of Siphonosteles.

A

Solid cylinders of vascular tissue with pith in center

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31
Q

Describe Eusteles

A

Pith in center, vasc bundles in a circle

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32
Q

Describe Atactosteles Hint: tact, scat

A

Scattered vascular bundles in monocot stems

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33
Q

Seed plants and their ancestors are characterized by primary or secondary growth?

A

Secondary

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34
Q

When does secondary growth occur?

A

Within primary growth after primary tissues are formed

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35
Q

Where does secondary growth develop from?

A

Secondary meristems

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36
Q

What does the Vascular Cambium produce? Hint: 3 things, 2 are 2ndary

A

Produce secondary xylem and phloem and rays

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37
Q

Vascular rays are oriented in what way?

A

Radially

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38
Q

The cork cambium produces what on the outside?

A

Cork

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39
Q

The cork cambium produces what on the inside?

A

Phelloderm

40
Q

What are cork and phelloderm called together ? Hint: suffix is also ‘derm’

41
Q

As the epidermis disappears, cork cambium provides what?

A

Waterproof Protection

42
Q

Wood is what kind of tissue?

A

Secondary xylem

43
Q

Bark is what kind of tissue?

A

Secondary phloem

44
Q

Which layer of park contains periderms?

45
Q

Reproductive leaves of vascular plants are called ?

A

Sporophylls

46
Q

What do sporophylls bear?

47
Q

Sporophylls are sometimes clustered together into what?

A

Cones called strobili

48
Q

Stems that are below ground are called

49
Q

Microphylls form from branching from what?

A

A protostele

50
Q

Megaphylls branch from what?

A

Vascular bundles

51
Q

Homosporous sporophytes produce how many types of spores?

52
Q

Heterospores produce how many types of spores?

53
Q

What are the two types of spores produced by heterosporous sporophytes?

A

Microspores (male) and megaspores (female)

54
Q

Lycophytes are also known as what

55
Q

What is the sistergroup to seed plants?

A

Monilophytes

56
Q

Microphylls are exclusive to what group of land plants?

A

Lycophytes (club mosses and relatives )

57
Q

Euphyllophytes have what kind of leaves?

A

True leaves

58
Q

What 2 groups make up euphyllophytes?

A

Monilophytes and seed plants

59
Q

Name the 3 monilophytes

A

Horsetails, whisk ferns, leptosporangiate ferns

60
Q

Tripled endosperm is a characteristic of which plants?.

A

Gymnosperms and flowering plants

61
Q

What 2 groups contain heterosporous species?

A

Monilophytes and lycophytes

62
Q

What is a sporophyte?

A

The asexual and usually diploid phase in a plant’s life cycle.

63
Q

Is Equisetum homosporous?

64
Q

Is Ceratoperis homosporous?

65
Q

Is Selaginella homosporous?

66
Q

Is Lycopodium homosporous?

67
Q

Is Marchantia homosporous?

68
Q

T/F: Heterospority occurs only in vascular plants

69
Q

Are fern spores haploid?

70
Q

Are leaf cells of a moss 2n or n?

71
Q

Are leaf cells of Equisetum 2n or n?

72
Q

Are Megaspores haploid?

73
Q

Is the sporophyte of a Marchantia 2n or n?

74
Q

The specialized cells that are above ground , such as stems and leaves, are called what?

75
Q

Leaves and stem develop from the _______ apex

76
Q

What is the purpose of roots?

A

anchor plant in soil to absorb water and nutrients

77
Q

How do roots develop?

78
Q

As a root matures, the endodermis becomes sealed with ________ and water no longer moves into the vascular cylinder

79
Q

The vascular cambrium produces secondary ________ and _________

A

xylem , phloem

80
Q

cork cambium produces _______ on the outside and _________ on the inside

A

cork and phelloderm

81
Q

wood and bark are secondary _______ and __________

A

xylem and phloem

82
Q

inner bark has no ________ but in outer bark, there is many

83
Q

Reproductive leaves on sporophyte are called _____________

A

sporophylls

84
Q

Sporophylls bear ________

85
Q

Sporophylls are sometimes clustered into cones called ________

86
Q

Microphylls have no _______

87
Q

Microphylls are a characteristic of a group called _____________

A

lycophytes

88
Q

Microphylls branch from a _______________

A

protostele

89
Q

Megaphylls have a __________

90
Q

Megaphylls branch from _________

A

siphonosteles and eusteles

91
Q

Megaphylls are a characteristic of

A

euphyllophytes

92
Q

Describe the difference between heterospory and homospory

A

one vs two spore types. Heterospory forms microspores in microsporangia and megaspores in megasporangia

93
Q

Describe endospory vs exospory

A

types of gametophytes. Exosporic ones usually photosynthetic and break out to develop independently, endosporic develops inside spore wall

94
Q

All species with endosporic gametophytes are ____________

A

heterosporous

95
Q

all species with exosporic gametophytes are _____________

A

homosporous

Biodiversity Exam 2 (6 decks)

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