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Bio Review > Plants > Flashcards

Plants Flashcards

1
Q

What are angiosperms?

A

A flowering plant that reproduces by way of flowers

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2
Q

What are the four main types of plant tissues?

A
  • Vascular
  • Ground
  • Meristematic
  • Protective
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3
Q

What is the primary function of vascular tissues?

A

Transports materials (water and sugar) from one part of an organism to another

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4
Q

What does xylem transport?

A

Xylem sap (water & minerals) from the roots to all other parts of the plant

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5
Q

What are the two main types of cells that make up xylem?

A
  • Vessel Elements
  • Tracheids
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6
Q

What is lignin?

A

A plastic-like phenolic polymer found in secondary cell walls in wood. It strengthens the organ

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7
Q

What is a vessel?

A

Long, hollow, tube-like structure that is made up of many vessel elements that are connected end-to-end.

The ends and sides of vessels are either absent or perforated (i.e. have holes), allowing xylem sap to pass vertically and laterally.

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8
Q

What are vessel elements?

A

A singular vessel which transports xylem sap and is found only in angiosperms.

They can connect with other vessel elements to form a vessel.

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9
Q

What is the difference between primary and secondary cell walls?

A
  • Primary cell walls are more stretchable
  • Secondary cell walls are rigid
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10
Q

What is the main function of phloem?

A

Transports dissolved sugars from leaves to other parts of the plant

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11
Q

What are the two types of cells in phloem?

A
  • Companion Cell
  • Sieve Tube Cell
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12
Q

What is a sieve tube cell?

A

Smaller than vessel elements, and lacks a nucleus at maturity.

The cytoplasm of each sieve tube element is connected to the companion cell through pores

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13
Q

What do companion cells do?

A

Possess a nucleus and direct the operations (of the sugar water) of a sieve tube

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14
Q

What are the three types of ground tissues? How do they differ from each other?

A
  • Parenchyma
  • Collenchyma
  • Sclerenchyma

They differ in the thickness of their cell walls

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15
Q

What is the primary function of parenchyma cells?

A
  • Provide some support
  • Store foods (starch/sugar)
  • Store water
  • Perform photosynthesis
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16
Q

What characterizes collenchyma cells?

A

Thicker and more rigid cell walls, providing support for stems

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17
Q

What is the main function of sclerenchyma cells?

A

Protects the plants’ organs and supports the plants’ stems

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18
Q

What are meristematic tissues?

A

The stem cells of plants that produce new cells through mitosis

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19
Q

Where are apical meristems found?

A

At the tips of roots and shoots

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20
Q

What is the function of lateral meristems?

A

Responsible for secondary growth (horizontal growth)

They include the vascular cambium and the cork cambium

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21
Q

What is the vascular cambium?

A

A ring between the xylem and phloem that produces new xylem and phloem

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22
Q

What is cork cambium?

A

Forms under the epidermis and produces cork to protect the plant

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23
Q

What does the epidermis do?

A

Acts as the outer protective layer of leaves, nonwoody stems, and roots

24
Q

What are the 4 main functions of roots?

A
  • Anchor plant into soil
  • Store starch and nutrients
  • Transport water
  • Absorb water, nutrients, minerals
25
Q

What is a cuticle?

A

A waxy substance covering the epidermis

26
Q

What are fibrous roots primarily associated with?

A

Monocots

27
Q

Name in order, what the root tissues are. (ex. epidermis…)

A

[Epidermis, Cortex, Endodermis, Casparian Strip, Phloem, Vascular Cambium, Xylem]

28
Q

What are the 4 main functions of shoots (stems)?

A
  • Support the leaves
  • Transport sugars
  • Store starch and nutrients
  • Transport water and nutrients
29
Q

What are the 4 characteristics of herbaceous stems?

A
  • Mostly monocots
  • Soft stems
  • Do not survive winter
  • Vascular bundles scattered
30
Q

What are the 4 characteristics of woody stems?

A
  • Hard tissues (wood)
  • Survive winter
  • Allow extensive secondary growth
  • Vascular bundles arranged in a ring pattern
31
Q

What do monocotyledons have in terms of vascular bundles?

A

Randomly scattered vascular bundles

32
Q

What are the three parts of a seed?

A
  • Seed coat
  • Endosperm
  • Embryo
33
Q

What is a rhizome? Example?

A

A modified thick and fleshy stem that grows either just above soil or below soil and produces new shoots. Ginger & tumeric

34
Q

What are tubers?

A

Modified stems that grow under the soil, filled with starches

35
Q

What are bulbs?

A

Modified leaves wrapped around an underground stem, arranged in layers

36
Q

What adaptations do plants in Dry Environments need?

A

Thick cuticles to prevent water loss and stomas on the underside of the leaf

This adaptation is crucial for survival in arid environments.

37
Q

What adaptation do many desert plants have to prevent animals from eating them?

A

Thorns

Thorns deter herbivores from consuming the plants.

38
Q

What structural adaptations do desert plants have to prevent water evaporation?

A

Thicker epidermis and thicker cuticle

These adaptations help minimize water loss in arid conditions.

39
Q

Where are the stomata located on the leaves of desert plants?

A

On the bottom of the leaf

This placement helps to keep them shaded and cool.

40
Q

What is the primary concern for plants in wet areas regarding water?

A

Flooding, suffocation, and fungi infections.

Excess water can lead to issues such as fungal infections.

41
Q

What structural feature do aquatic plants like lily pads have for water management?

A

Stoma at the top of the leaf

This adaptation is unique to aquatic plants for effective gas exchange.

42
Q

What is the function of the cuticle on leaves?

A

Prevent water loss and act as a barrier against infections

The cuticle is a waxy layer produced by the epidermis.

43
Q

What is the epidermis in the context of leaf structure?

A

The first layer of cells that acts like ‘skin’

It protects the inner cells and regulates gas exchange and it makes cuticles

44
Q

What are stomata and what is their function?

A

Breathing holes in the epidermis for gas exchange

They allow CO2 in and O2 out, facilitating photosynthesis.

45
Q

What process involves the release of water from leaves?

A

Transpiration

Transpiration helps pull water up from the roots.

46
Q

What is the role of chloroplasts in leaves?

A

Site of photosynthesis

Chloroplasts contain chlorophyll, which captures sunlight for energy conversion.

47
Q

What is transpiration?

A

The loss of water from plants, primarily through small openings called stomata.

Transpiration helps pull water up from roots.

48
Q

What are veins in the context of plants?

A

Vascular bundles that transport water, nutrients, and food throughout the plant.

Veins can be categorized as monocots (parallel) or dicots (net-like).

49
Q

What is the function of guard cells?

A

Control the opening and closing of stomata.

Guard cells are kidney-shaped and regulate gas exchange.

50
Q

What gases are involved in the process of photosynthesis?

A

CO2 (carbon dioxide) and O2 (oxygen).

51
Q

What is the palisade mesophyll layer?

A

The layer of densely packed cells containing chloroplasts for maximum photosynthesis.

It is located beneath the upper epidermis of leaves.

52
Q

What characterizes the spongy mesophyll layer?

A

Loosely packed cells with air pockets to facilitate gas exchange.

It is located beneath the palisade layer.

53
Q

What is the role of chloroplasts?

A

Organelles responsible for photosynthesis, containing chlorophyll.

Chlorophyll captures light energy and gives plants their green color.

54
Q

What is the chemical equation for photosynthesis?

A

6 CO2 + 6 H2O → C6H12O6 + 6 O2.

55
Q

Fill in the blank: The _______ layer contains loosely packed cells and facilitates gas exchange.

A

spongy mesophyll

56
Q

True or False: Monocots have net-like veins.

A

False

57
Q

True or False: The palisade mesophyll layer is responsible for the majority of photosynthesis in leaves.

A

True

Bio Review (6 decks)

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