Diversity Flashcards
What are the three domains of life?
Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya
What are the six kingdoms of life?
Bacteria, Archaea, Protista, Fungi, Animalia, Plantae
What is the reproduction method of Bacteria?
Asexual (Binary Fission)
How do Bacteria feed?
Chemoheterotroph (Through diffusion)
What is the cell wall composition of Bacteria?
Peptidoglycan
Where are Archaea typically found?
In extreme environments (like super hot or cold)
e.g. thermophiles
What is the reproduction method of Archaea?
Asexual (Binary Fission, Budding, Fermentation)
How do Archaea feed?
Chemoheterotroph
What is the cell wall composition of Archaea?
Some have none, but some have peptidoglycan
What is the habitat of Protista?
Found in aquatic environments
What is the reproduction method of Protista?
Some asexual, some sexual
What is the cell wall composition of Protista?
Cellulose or no cell wall
What types of organisms are included in Plantae?
Dicots, Monocots, Trees
What is the feeding method of Plantae?
Photo-autotroph
What is the reproduction method of Animalia?
Sexual reproduction
What is the cell wall composition of Animalia?
None
What is the feeding method of Animalia?
Chemo-Heterotroph
What are the two types of symmetry?
Radial, Bilateral
What is a dichotomous key?
A yes or no questionnaire to find organisms
What is a cladogram?
A diagram that shows the evolutionary relationships among various biological species
What are the levels of taxonomy?
Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species
What does the Endosymbiotic Theory explain?
The evolution of mitochondria and chloroplasts from engulfed bacteria
What are viruses considered?
Semi-alive as they contain DNA/RNA but lack a metabolism
What are the life cycles of viruses?
Lytic Cycle and Lysogenic Cycle
What occurs during the Lytic Cycle?
The virus attaches to the cell membrane.
The virus “injects” genetic material into host cell.
The host cell’s “machinery” used to create more virus capsids and genetic material.
The new viruses assemble, the host cell is overloaded and is dying.
The host cell dies and breaks apart, releasing new virus particles to infect more cells
What occurs during the Lysogenic Cycle?
Only some virus go through this cycle and is usually trigged by non-ideal environmental conditions
The viral genetic material inserts itself into the host cell DNA, the virus inside the DNA is also called the provirus.
Every time the infected host cell goes through cell dividing the provirus is also copied.
The provirus releases from the host cell DNA when environmental conditions are favourable.
What are the types of shapes of bacteria?
Coccus - single spherical-shaped bacteria (plur. cocci)
Streptococcus - coccus arranged in a line
(plur. streptococci)
Staphylococcus - coccus arranged in a group (plur. staphylococci)
Diplococcus - 2 cocci together
(plur. diplococci)
Bacillus - elongated bacteria
(plur. bacilli)
Spirillum - bacteria in a spiral shape
(plur. sprilla)
What do Gram Stains help determine?
The severity of disease/bacteria and guide treatment
The amount of peptidoglycan in the cell walls.
What is the difference between Gram Positive and Gram Negative bacteria?
Gram Positive stains blue/purple with high peptidoglycan; Gram Negative stains red/pink with low peptidoglycan and contains LPS
How do antibiotics work?
By preventing cell wall growth, protein synthesis, or DNA replication
What is horizontal gene transfer?
The transfer of DNA from one organism to another in bacteria.
Examples include conjugation and transformation.
What is conjugation in bacteria?
Transfer of genetic material through a pilus between two bacteria
What is transformation in bacteria?
When bacteria take up DNA from their environment
How do bacteria feed?
Through diffusion and enzyme release to break down food
What is the importance of bacteria in ecosystems?
They decompose organisms, fix nitrogen, and produce natural antibiotics
What are the phases of bacterial growth?
Lag, Growth, Stationary, Death
