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Bio Review > Genetics > Flashcards

Genetics Flashcards

1
Q

What are the building blocks of DNA?

A

A, T, C, G

A = Adenine, T = Thymine, C = Cytosine, G = Guanine

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2
Q

What structure holds the building blocks of DNA together?

A

Double Helix

The double helix structure is supported by phosphate and deoxyribose sugar.

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3
Q

What is a nucleotide in the context of DNA?

A

1 strand of DNA

A nucleotide consists of a phosphate group, a deoxyribose sugar, and a nitrogenous base (A, T, C, or G).

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4
Q

How many pairs of chromosomes do humans have?

A

23 pairs

This totals 46 chromosomes.

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5
Q

What are chromatids?

A

Replicated chromosomes connected by a centromere

They become visible during cell division.

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6
Q

What is a karyotype?

A

The organization of condensed chromosomes from largest to shortest

It includes banding patterns for identification.

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7
Q

Define homologous chromosomes.

A

Chromosome pairs with the same gene sequence inherited from parents

They may have different alleles.

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8
Q

What are autosomes chromosomes?

A

Chromosomes that contain genes in functioning organisms, regardless of sex

Humans have 22 pairs of autosomes.

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9
Q

What are sex chromosomes?

A

Chromosomes that determine biological gender

Females have XX and males have XY.

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10
Q

What is spermatogenesis?

A

The production of sperm through meiosis

Starts with spermatogonium (2n).

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11
Q

What is oogenesis?

A

The production of eggs through meiosis

Starts with oogonium (2n).

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12
Q

What are diploid cells?

A

Cells containing the full set of 23 pairs of homologous chromosomes

Also referred to as ‘2n’.

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13
Q

What are haploid cells?

A

Cells containing only 1 set of chromosomes (23)

They are only found in meiosis and are referred to as ‘n’.

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14
Q

What is the main function of mitosis?

A

To duplicate the stem cell into a replica

Resulting in a diploid cell (2n).

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15
Q

During which phase does crossing over occur in meiosis?

A

Prophase I

This involves synapsis and the formation of tetrads.

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16
Q

What happens during anaphase I of meiosis?

A

Spindle fibers pull homologous chromosomes to opposite poles

haploid cells are created

Each chromosome consists of 2 sister chromatids.

17
Q

What are chromosome abnormalities?

A

Changes in chromosomes that occur during S-phase of interphase

They include deletion, duplication, inversion, substitution, and translocation.

18
Q

What is aneuploidy?

A

The production of daughter cells with more or less chromosomes

It results from nondisjunction.

19
Q

Define genotype.

A

The combination of alleles (e.g., YY, Yy, yy)

It represents the genetic makeup of an individual.

20
Q

Define phenotype.

A

The expressed genetic trait (e.g., Yellow, Blond)

It is the observable characteristic of an organism.

21
Q

What is a dominant allele?

A

The gene that takes priority over another for the phenotype

It masks the effect of a recessive allele.

22
Q

What is a Punnett square used for?

A

To show the probability of offspring genotype and phenotype

It helps visualize genetic crosses.

23
Q

What does the law of segregation state?

A

Alleles of a gene randomly separate into individual gametes

Each gamete only gets 1 copy of the allele from the Mom and Dad.

24
Q

What are linked genes?

A

Genes located closely on the same chromosome that do not segregate during meiosis

They tend to be inherited together.

25
Q

What are carriers in genetics?

A

Individuals who carry recessive alleles but express a dominant phenotype

Example: A heterozygous woman with normal vision but carries colorblindness.

26
Q

What are X-linked traits?

A

Traits found only on the X chromosome

Males express these traits because they have only one X chromosome.

27
Q

Define incomplete dominance.

A

A condition where the phenotype is a blend of both alleles

Example: Red and white flowers producing pink offspring.

28
Q

What is co-dominance?

A

When both dominant alleles are expressed in a heterozygous individual

Example: AB blood type shows both A and B antigens.

29
Q

What are multiple alleles?

A

More than two alleles for a gene

Example: Blood types (I(A), I(B), i).

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