Plants

Question 1

Thallophytes

Answer 1

Simplest form of a plant with no specialized vascular system
Aquatic environments

Question 2

Bryophytes

Answer 2

Aquatic and lan habitats
Dominant gametophyte stage (haploid)

Question 3

Bryophytes examples

Answer 3

Mosses, liverworts, hornworts

Question 4

Tracheophytes

Answer 4

Grow vertically and tall
Dominant sporophyte (diplod)

Question 5

Tracheophyte examples

Answer 5

Ferns, Pine trees

Question 6

Angiosperms

Answer 6

Undergo double fertilization
diverse land based plant
non flagellated male gametes
produce flowers and have pollen
bear seeds in fruits

Question 7

Monocots

Answer 7

One cotyledon
parallel veins
scattered vascular bundles
fibrrous root system
flower parts in multiples of 3

Question 8

Monocots examples

Answer 8

Lilies and kentucky bluegrass

Question 9

Dicots

Answer 9

Two cotyledons
Net like veins
ringed vascular bundles
large sinle tap roots
flower parts in multiples of 4 or 5

Question 10

Dicot examples

Answer 10

Oak trees

Question 11

Angiosperm lifecycle

Answer 11

1. Meiosis in ovary: megasporocyte, the megaspore mother cells (2n) are converted into four megaspores (n) via meiosis
2. Mitotic divisions: one megaspore survives and undergoes mitosis once fertilized to produce the egg cell and polar nuclei
3. Meiosis w/in anther: microsporocytes to four microspores via meiosis
4. Mitoti divisions male: microspore undergoes mitosis producing male gametophyte or the pollen grain. Male gametophyte contains generative cell and tube cell
5. Pollen tube: upon reaching ovule, two sperm are discharged
6. Double fertilization: Only male gamete fuses with the female egg gamete to form an embryo and another male gamete fuses with polar nuclei to form endosperm
7. Zygote develops into embryo

Question 12

Plant tissue

Dermal tissue

Answer 12

Epidermal cells covering outside of plant parts, secrete waxy protectice substane in aerial portions of plant
Contain guard cells to help control gas exchange

Question 13

Ground tissue

Answer 13

Responsible for most of the metabolic functions

Question 14

Xylem

Answer 14

Conducts water and minerlas throughout plant
provide mechanical support

Question 15

Xylem cells

Answer 15

Tracheids: long and tapered, water passes laterally from one to another through pits
Vessel elements: short and wide, have little to no taper at ends, perforations allow for water to pass from one vessel to another

Question 16

Phloem

Answer 16

Transports sugar throughout plant
made of cells: sieve tube members

Question 17

angiosperm seed structure

Seed coat

Answer 17

tough outer covering of seed that protects embryo/seed content

Question 18

Storage material

Answer 18

Endosperm: primary storage tissue
Cotyledons: trasnfers nutrients from endosperm to embryo

Question 19

Embryo

Answer 19

Diploid
developed from fertilized egg

Question 20

Tropism type

Phototropism

Answer 20

Bending of a plant in response to light

Question 21

gravitropism

Answer 21

bending of a plant in response to gravity

Question 22

thigmotropism

Answer 22

growth response to mechanical stimuli

Question 23

plant hormones

Auxin

Answer 23

influences plants response to light + gravity yo stimulate growth

Question 24

Gibberellins

Answer 24

Promote flower + stem elongation

Question 25

Cytokinins

Answer 25

stimulate cytokinesis

Question 26

abscisic acid

Answer 26

inhibits growth and promotes seed dormancy

Question 27

ethylene gas

Answer 27

promotes fruit ripening, flower production, leaf abscission

Question 28

# Leaf structure Leaf structure

Answer 28

Epidermis, Palisade mesophyll, vascular bundles, guard cells, spongy mesophyll, stomata

Question 29

Epidermis

Answer 29

Protective layer covered w/ cuticle to reduce transpiration

Question 30

Palisade mesophyll

Answer 30

has cells w/ chloroplasts and is the primary site for leaf photosynthesis

Question 31

Vascular bundles

Answer 31

consist of xylem and phloem; surrounded by bundle sheath cell

Question 32

guard cells

Answer 32

specialized epidermal cells to control opening of stomata and permit gas exchange

Question 33

Spongy mesophyll

Answer 33

Intracellular spaces allow for gas travel

Question 34

Stomata

Answer 34

pore in epidermis that allows for gas exchange between plant and external environment Open CO2 can enter the leaf where photosynthesis can make sugar Closed water loss is minimized but CO2 cannot enter the cells of the plant which prevent calvin cycle from taking place

Question 35

# Growth type Growth type

Answer 35

primary, secondary, photoperiodism, short day plants, long day plants

Question 36

Primary

Answer 36

Increases length of plant

Question 37

Secondary

Answer 37

Increases girth of plant

Question 38

Photoperiodism

Answer 38

Plant's response to changes in length day and night

Question 39

Short day plants

Answer 39

Flower when sunlight is less that half the day

Question 40

Long day plants

Answer 40

Flower when sunlight is more than half the day