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Biology > Cell division > Flashcards

Cell division Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Mitosis

A

Nuclear division that created a pair of diploid cells that are identical to the original cell

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2
Q

Prophase

A

Chromatin consdense into chromosoms
Nucleolous disappears
Mitotic spindle begins to form
Centrosome moves towards opposite ends

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3
Q

Prometaphase

A

Nucleolus dissasembles
Chromatid is attached to kinetochore
Spindle fibers begin to attach to kinetchoes of chromosomes

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4
Q

Metaphase

A

Chromosomes line up across center of cell
Karotyping displayed

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5
Q

Anaphase

A

Sister chromatids pulled apart
Chromosomes pulled to opposite ends of cell

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6
Q

Telophase

A

Nucleoli redevelop
Chromosomes decondense back into chromatin
cytokinesis occus

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7
Q

Cytokinesis

A

Divison of the cytoplasm to form two cells

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8
Q

During cell division of mitosis what do animal cells from during cytokinesis?

A

cleavage furrow

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9
Q

During cell divison of mitosis what do plant cells form during cytokinesis?

A

cell plate

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10
Q

Result of mitosis

A

Two identical diploid daughter cells

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11
Q

Meiosis I

A

Nuclear divison that produces four haploid gametes

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12
Q

Where does meiosis I occur

A

germ cells

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13
Q

Two stages of meiosis

A

Meiosis I
Meiosis II

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14
Q

Meiosis I

A

Genetic recombination occurs and the cell seperates homologous chromosomes

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15
Q

Meiosis II

A

Sister chromatids seperate to form final gametes

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16
Q

Prophase 1

A

Same as prophase from mitosis

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17
Q

Synapsis

A

homologous chromosomes pairing up and aligning

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18
Q

Crossing over

A

Exchange of chromosomes segments between paired up chromosomes

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19
Q

What is the name for paired up chromosomes

A

tetrads

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20
Q

What must be formed for genetic recombination to occur

A

tetrads

21
Q

Chiasmata

A

physical points where paired chromosomes swap segments

22
Q

Metaphase 1

A

homologous pairs are lined up across the metaphase plate

23
Q

Anaphase I

A

Meiotic spindle shortens
Homologous pairs uncouple and are pulled to opposite poles

24
Q

Telophase 1 and Cytokinesis

A

Nuclear envelope re-develops
Chromosomes decondense
Each daughter cell has a new nucleus that has half the number of chromosomes

25
Q

Metaphase II

A

Chromosomes line up on metaphase plate
Meiotic spindle formed and attached to every chromosomes via kinetochores
Half the # of chromosomes are present
**Sister chromatids are no longer identical due to crossing over in Prophase I

26
Q

Prophase II

A

Nucleus and nucleolus disappear
Chromosomes condense
Meiotic spindle develops and attaches to chromosomes

27
Q

Anaphase II

A

Microtubules shorten
Sister chromatids are pulled across to opposite ends
** Each sister chromatid is now individual chromosomes

28
Q

Telophase II and Cytokinesis

A

Nucleolus reforms
Chromosomes decondense back into chromatin
Cytokinesis splits cell into daughter cells

29
Q

Final result of meiosis

A

Four haploid daughter cells, each with half the amount of DNA as the parent cell

30
Q

Which events does genetic diversity occur

A

Crossing over, Independent assortment, random joining of gametes

31
Q

Independent assortment

A

Which chromosomes gets separated to which end of the cell is random

32
Q

Random joining of gametes

A

Different sperm fertilize different eggs

33
Q

Interphase

A

Cell is growing and preparing for cell division but not actively dividing
cells spend most of cell cycle here

34
Q

Phases of Interphase

A

G1, S, G2, G0, Mitotic

35
Q

G1 (gap phase 1)

A

cell grows in size and protein synthesis begins (preparation for cell division)

36
Q

S (synthesis phase)

A

DNA and centrosomes are replicated.
Sister chromatids are formed

37
Q

Which phase of interphase does DNA replication occur

A

S phase

38
Q

G2 (gap phase 2)

A

Final preparation for mitosis
Cell continues to grow and organelles replicate

39
Q

G0 (resting phase)

A

Cells are active/functional but are not dividing

40
Q

Which cells are permanently in G0 phase

A

nerve and muscle cells

41
Q

Senescent

A

permanently in G0 phase

42
Q

Quiescent

A

Cell is temporarily in G0 phase

43
Q

Mitotic phase

A

Mitosis and cytokinesis

44
Q

Cell cycle checkpoints

A

Determine if a cell is prepared to go to the next stage

45
Q

End of G1 (checkpoint)

A

Checks cell growth and favorable cellular conditions

46
Q

End of G2 (checkpoint)

A

Cell evaluates the accuracy of DNA replication
If healthy goes to M phase

47
Q

M Checkpoint

A

During metaphase cells checks if each sister chromatid is attached to a spindle fiber

48
Q

What happens if a cell fails the checkpoints

A

Enters G0 phase of apopotosis

49
Q

p53 gene

A

tumor suppressor gene that regulates cell division

Biology (11 decks)

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