Plants Flashcards
1
Q
What is the cell type of plants? (Plants)
A
- eukaryotic
2
Q
What is the number of cells for plants? (Plants)
A
- multicellular
3
Q
What is the metabolism of plants? (Plants)
A
- autotrophic
4
Q
Do plants have a cell wall? (Plants)
A
- yes
5
Q
What are non - vascular plants? (Examples) (Plants)
A
- they do NOT contain vascular tissue
Ex:
- moss
- liverwort
- hornwort
6
Q
What are vascular plants? (Examples) (Plants)
A
- they contain vascular tissue
Ex:
- ferns
- coniferns
- flowering plants
7
Q
What are seeded plants? (Examples) (Plants)
A
- they reproduce using seeds
Ex:
- pine tree
- tulips
8
Q
What are seedless plants? (Examples) (Plants)
A
- produce spores to reproduce
Ex:
- fern
9
Q
What are gymnosperms? (Examples) (Plants)
A
- means “naked seed”
- contain seeds that are exposed on the surface of cones
Ex:
- conifers
- pine
- fir
- spruce
- cedar
10
Q
What are angiosperms? (Examples) (Plants)
A
- known as the flowering plants
- reproduce using flowers and their seeds are contained in a fruit
- 90% of all plants are angiosperms
Ex:
- roses
- grass
- non conifers
11
Q
What are monocots? (Examples) (Plants)
A
- embryos with 1 cotyledon
Ex:
- corn
- onions
12
Q
What are dicots? (Examples) (Plants)
A
- embryos with 2 cotyledon
Ex:
- maple trees
13
Q
How many organ systems do vascular plants have? (What are they?) (Explain) (Plants)
A
2 organ systems:
- Root system:
BELOW - ground system
Roots:
- anchors the plant into the soil
- absorbs water / mineral nutrients
- 2 major root types: (TAPROOT - one main, thick root, FIBROUS ROOT - small branching roots) - Shoot system:
ABOVE - ground system
LEAVES:
- site for photosynthesis
- VERY diverse in shape, appearance, size and number
- often covered in a waxy substance called cuticle to prevent water loss
STEM:
- supports the plant above ground
- where leaves grow from
14
Q
What are the plants tissues? (Plants)
A
- Meristem
- Dermal
- Ground
- Vascular
15
Q
What is the meristem tissue? (Plants)
A
- undifferentiated cells from which all new cells are produced by mitosis (stem cells of the plant!)
16
Q
What is the dermal tissue? (Explain epidermis) (Plants)
A
- outer covering of the plant which includes: (epidermis: single outer layer of cells to cover / protect the plant, periderm: multi - layers known as BARK to protect against illness / injury)
The epidermis may contain…
a) Guard cells:
- paired, bean - shaped cells
- they surround / control the size of a small opening called stoma
b) Trichomes:
- tiny growths on the surface of the epidermis
- *give stems / leaves the “fuzzy” appearance
- keep leaf surfaces cool and reduce evaporation
- can be used to repel consumers
c) Root hairs:
- tiny hair - like extensions on roots to increase surface area available for water / nutrient absorption
17
Q
What is the ground tissue? (Plants)
A
- makes up MOST of the plant’s inside
- various functions: storage, support, photosynthesis, etc.
18
Q
What is the vascular tissue? (Plants)
A
- internal system of tubes running lengthwise through the stem
- transport mechanism
19
Q
What are the 2 types of vascular tissue? (Plants)
A
- Xylem: transports water / minerals from the roots to the leaves (1 direction = up)
- Phloem: transports nutrients (ie: sugars) to areas needed for growth / storage (2 directions)
20
Q
What does the term “naked seed” refer to? (Plants)
A
- gymnosperms
21
Q
What are roots? (3 main functions) (Plants)
A
- underground system of the plant
- roots serve 3 main functions: (absorption: take in water and dissolved minerals that are then transported to the rest of the plant support: anchor / support that plant
storage: store carbs produced by photosynthesis, as well as water the and other nutrients
22
Q
What are the types of roots? (2 types) (Examples) (Plants)
A
- Taproot:
- thick central root with smaller branching roots (ex: carrots, dandelions, beets) - Fibrous:
- many small branching roots
- roots are all about the same size / grow from a central point (ex: green onions, grass)
23
Q
What are the structure / function and roots? (Plants)
A
- the tip of the root is covered by the ROOT CAP, which is a protective covering for the meristem (stem cells).
- these cells produce a slimy substance to reduce friction as the root grows through soils, rocks, and other materials
- like the rest of the plant, the root is covered in a layer of DERMAL tissue. this consists of: (epidermis: single OUTER layer of cells to cover / protect the plant. root hairs: tiny hair-like extensions from the epidermis to increase SURFACE AREA available for water and nutrient absorption).
- the cortex is the inner layer of cells found between the epidermis and vascular tissue. Composed of GROUND TISSUE .
- the CENTRE of the root is made from VASCULAR TISSUE. (Xylem: moves water and minerals from the roots to the leaves 1 direction = UP. Phloem: moves nutrients to areas needed for growth or storage 2 directions.
*MONOCOTS roots: XYLEM cells form a RING and PHLOEM cells surround the xylem cells in the ring.
*DICOTS roots: XYLEM cells for an X or STAR shape and PHLOEM cells are between the arms of the X / star.
24
Q
What are the types of meristems? (Plants)
A
- Apical meristem: region of cells that grow / divide in the tips of roots / stems to make the plant LONGER
- Lateral meristem: region of cells that grow / divide in the roots / stems to make the plant THICKER / WIDER
25
What are the main functions of stems? (Plants)
1. *Support* for the plant’s leaves / reproductive structures
2. *Transport* of water / nutrients
3. *Storage* of excess food
26
What are the tissues found in stems? (Plants)
- Dermal tissue
- Ground tissue
- Vascular tissue (xylem, phloem)
27
What are MONOCOTS vs. DICOTS? (Plants)
MONOCOTS: xylem and phloem are scattered
DICOTS: xylem and phloem form a ring
28
What are the types of stems? (2) (Plants)
1. Herbaceous stems:
- soft, green, and flexible
- contain chloroplast to preform *photosynthesis*
- can be monocots / dicots
- annuals are usually this type (ex: strawberries)
2. Woody stems:
- sturdy / wood - like
- do NOT preform photosynthesis
- may be covered in bark
- usually dicots
(ex: most trees, shrubs)
29
What are modified stems? (Plants)
- many plants have adapted their stems to survive different conditions
30
What is the potato / onion example? (Plants)
- a potato is a type of enlarged stem, called a TUBER
- onions / tulips have shortened, compressed stems called BULBS
- horizontal stems that grow above ground along the surface, like STRAWBERRIES, are called STOLONS
31
What are the 2 types of roots? (Plants)
1. Taproot:
- thick central root with smaller branching roots. (ex: carrots, dandelions)
2. Fibrous:
- many small branching roots
- roots are all about the same size and grow from a central point (ex: green onions, grass)
32
What is the main function of leaves? (Plants)
- to convert light energy (sunlight) into chemical energy of food (glucose) via photosynthesis
*6CO2 + 6H2O + light = C6H12O6 + 6O2*
33
What is the external structure of leaves? (Name) (Explain!) (Plants)
1. Blade: (usually the flat portion of a leaf which has a relatively large surface area)
2. Petiole: (structure that connects the stem to the blade of the leaf)
3. Cuticle: (waxy substance on epidermis that reduces evaporation- water loss)
4. Venation: (pattern of the veins - vasculature - in a leaf)
5. Midrib: main vein that runs in the middle of the blade
34
What is internal structure of leaves? (Plants)
- the epidermis contains cuticle. These layers are transparent to allow light to pass through to the next layer
- guard cells are found here (more in the back side of the leaf) (lower epidermis)
- between the upper / lower epidermis is the *mesophyll*. Made of 2 layers: (1. *Palisade* mesophyll is right below the epidermis as this is a layer of cells where most PHOTOSYNTHESIS occurs!) (2. The *spongy* mesophyll is below the palisade mesophyll as this is a layer of irregularly shaped and loosely packed cells. The open spaces allow O2 and CO2 and water vapour to move around easily)
35
What are guard cells? (Plants)
- paired, bean - shaped cells (more back side of the leaf)
- they surround / control the size of a small opening called STOMA
- when stoma are open, *gas exchange* can occur! (CO2 and O2 out!!)
- much of the water that reaches the leaf (90% or more) is lost to the atmosphere as it evaporates through the stoma. This water loss is known as *transpiration*
36
What are the 2 LEAF TYPES? (Name) (Explain!) (Plants)
1. Simple leaf: blade is not divided into smaller parts
2. Compound leaf: blades are divided into smaller leaflets on a single petiole. The individual leaflets may have smaller petioles attaching to the main petiole
37
What are the 3 LEAF ARRANGEMENTS? (Name) (Explain!) (Plants)
1. Opposite leaf: 2 leaves are attached to the stem directly opposite each other at the same node (level)
2. Alternate leaf: leaves arranged in a step - like pattern on either side of the stem, with each leaf at a different node (level)
3. Whorled leaf: 3 (or more) leaves are evenly spaced around a stem at the same level
38
What are the 3 types of LEAF VENATION? (Name) (Explain!) (Plants)
1. Parallel Venation: veins in the leaf run parallel to the main vein and each other. *for most MONOCOT plants!!*
2. Pinnate Venation: smaller veins branch off along the main vein. * for most DICOT plants!!*
3. Palmate Venation: several veins branch off from a common point near the base of the blade. *for most DICOT plants*
39
What is sexual reproduction in seed plants? (Plants)
- gametophyte: sexual structure of plants, with the purpose of gamete production. (Male = pollen that produce sperm cells / Female = produce egg cells).
- pollination: transfer of the sperm - containing pollen (male gametophyte) onto the female gametophyte.
*the sperm and egg will combine!!*
40
What is sexual reproduction in gymnosperms? (Plants)
- gymnosperms means “naked seed” (contain seeds that are exposed on the surface of *cones*)
- cones: contain male AND female gametes (male cones = smaller, located lower on the tree / female cones = larger, located higher on the tree)
41
How does sexual reproduction happen in plants? (Plants)
1. *pollen* from male cone travels to female cone
2. Sperm and egg combine together to form an embryo
3. A *seed* develops
4. The seed remains within the female cone to mature (takes months to years)
5. Seed is dispersed
42
What is sexual reproduction in angiosperms? (Plants)
- they are known as the *flowering plants* (reproduce using *flowers* and their seeds are contained in a *fruit*
43
Flower Anatomy: what are the organs and their description of flowers? (4) (Plants)
1. Sepal: surrounds / protects the flower bud. Look like small leaves
2. Petals: colourful structures that attract pollinators
3. Stamens: *male* reproductive organs. *filament* is the stalk that supports the anthers. (Anthers produce / stores pollen).
4. Pistils: *female* reproductive organs. Contains the following structures:
- stigma: tip that captures the pollen
- style: stalk
- ovary: produces eggs
44
What do you call flowers that can have different numbers of pistil and stamen? (Plants)
- some have BOTH stamen and pistil = *perfect flowers*
- some only have ONE type (not both) = *imperfect flowers*
45
What are monocots vs. dicots flowers? (Example of each) (Plants)
Monocot: number of petals, sepals, pistils, and stamens is a multiple of 3
(Ex: white trillium)
Dicot: number of petals, sepals, pistils, and stamens is a multiple of 4 or 5
(Ex: meadow beauty)
46
What are the methods of pollination? (4) (Plants)
1. Self - pollination: occurs when flowers pollinate *themselves* or another flower on the SAME plant.
2. Cross - pollination: occurs when flowers from DIFFERENT plants are pollinated.
3. Animal pollination: occurs with flowers that have BRIGHT colours, strong scents, or a sweet liquid (nectar)
4. Wind pollination: occurs with flowers that produce a LARGE amount of pollen. (Ex: dandelions)
47
What are seed & fruit formation? (Plants)
- once *pollination* occurs, the sperm and egg combine = FERTILIZATION
- fertilized egg develops into a *seed*
- the outside of the egg hardens into the *seed coat* for protection
- the *fruit* is formed from changes that occur in the OVARY (mainly forms from the OVARY WALL)
- fruits help *protect* and *distribute* seeds!
48
What is seed germination? (Plants)
- as a seed matures, it loses water and enters a sleeping state known as DORMANCY
- germination is the process of *resuming* growth after dormancy
49
How does seed germination work? (Plants)
1. When the seed absorbs water, it swells and breaks the seed coat
2. Nutrients are made available to the embryo
3. Food and oxygen allow cellular respiration to occur, providing energy to the embryo for growth
