Plants Flashcards
What is the cell type of plants? (Plants)
- eukaryotic
What is the number of cells for plants? (Plants)
- multicellular
What is the metabolism of plants? (Plants)
- autotrophic
Do plants have a cell wall? (Plants)
- yes
What are non - vascular plants? (Examples) (Plants)
- they do NOT contain vascular tissue
Ex:
- moss
- liverwort
- hornwort
What are vascular plants? (Examples) (Plants)
- they contain vascular tissue
Ex:
- ferns
- coniferns
- flowering plants
What are seeded plants? (Examples) (Plants)
- they reproduce using seeds
Ex:
- pine tree
- tulips
What are seedless plants? (Examples) (Plants)
- produce spores to reproduce
Ex:
- fern
What are gymnosperms? (Examples) (Plants)
- means “naked seed”
- contain seeds that are exposed on the surface of cones
Ex:
- conifers
- pine
- fir
- spruce
- cedar
What are angiosperms? (Examples) (Plants)
- known as the flowering plants
- reproduce using flowers and their seeds are contained in a fruit
- 90% of all plants are angiosperms
Ex:
- roses
- grass
- non conifers
What are monocots? (Examples) (Plants)
- embryos with 1 cotyledon
Ex:
- corn
- onions
What are dicots? (Examples) (Plants)
- embryos with 2 cotyledon
Ex:
- maple trees
How many organ systems do vascular plants have? (What are they?) (Explain) (Plants)
2 organ systems:
- Root system:
BELOW - ground system
Roots:
- anchors the plant into the soil
- absorbs water / mineral nutrients
- 2 major root types: (TAPROOT - one main, thick root, FIBROUS ROOT - small branching roots) - Shoot system:
ABOVE - ground system
LEAVES:
- site for photosynthesis
- VERY diverse in shape, appearance, size and number
- often covered in a waxy substance called cuticle to prevent water loss
STEM:
- supports the plant above ground
- where leaves grow from
What are the plants tissues? (Plants)
- Meristem
- Dermal
- Ground
- Vascular
What is the meristem tissue? (Plants)
- undifferentiated cells from which all new cells are produced by mitosis (stem cells of the plant!)
What is the dermal tissue? (Explain epidermis) (Plants)
- outer covering of the plant which includes: (epidermis: single outer layer of cells to cover / protect the plant, periderm: multi - layers known as BARK to protect against illness / injury)
The epidermis may contain…
a) Guard cells:
- paired, bean - shaped cells
- they surround / control the size of a small opening called stoma
b) Trichomes:
- tiny growths on the surface of the epidermis
- *give stems / leaves the “fuzzy” appearance
- keep leaf surfaces cool and reduce evaporation
- can be used to repel consumers
c) Root hairs:
- tiny hair - like extensions on roots to increase surface area available for water / nutrient absorption
What is the ground tissue? (Plants)
- makes up MOST of the plant’s inside
- various functions: storage, support, photosynthesis, etc.
What is the vascular tissue? (Plants)
- internal system of tubes running lengthwise through the stem
- transport mechanism
What are the 2 types of vascular tissue? (Plants)
- Xylem: transports water / minerals from the roots to the leaves (1 direction = up)
- Phloem: transports nutrients (ie: sugars) to areas needed for growth / storage (2 directions)
What does the term “naked seed” refer to? (Plants)
- gymnosperms
What are roots? (3 main functions) (Plants)
- underground system of the plant
- roots serve 3 main functions: (absorption: take in water and dissolved minerals that are then transported to the rest of the plant support: anchor / support that plant
storage: store carbs produced by photosynthesis, as well as water the and other nutrients
What are the types of roots? (2 types) (Examples) (Plants)
- Taproot:
- thick central root with smaller branching roots (ex: carrots, dandelions, beets) - Fibrous:
- many small branching roots
- roots are all about the same size / grow from a central point (ex: green onions, grass)
What are the structure / function and roots? (Plants)
- the tip of the root is covered by the ROOT CAP, which is a protective covering for the meristem (stem cells).
- these cells produce a slimy substance to reduce friction as the root grows through soils, rocks, and other materials
- like the rest of the plant, the root is covered in a layer of DERMAL tissue. this consists of: (epidermis: single OUTER layer of cells to cover / protect the plant. root hairs: tiny hair-like extensions from the epidermis to increase SURFACE AREA available for water and nutrient absorption).
- the cortex is the inner layer of cells found between the epidermis and vascular tissue. Composed of GROUND TISSUE .
- the CENTRE of the root is made from VASCULAR TISSUE. (Xylem: moves water and minerals from the roots to the leaves 1 direction = UP. Phloem: moves nutrients to areas needed for growth or storage 2 directions.
*MONOCOTS roots: XYLEM cells form a RING and PHLOEM cells surround the xylem cells in the ring.
*DICOTS roots: XYLEM cells for an X or STAR shape and PHLOEM cells are between the arms of the X / star.
What are the types of meristems? (Plants)
- Apical meristem: region of cells that grow / divide in the tips of roots / stems to make the plant LONGER
- Lateral meristem: region of cells that grow / divide in the roots / stems to make the plant THICKER / WIDER
What are the main functions of stems? (Plants)
- Support for the plant’s leaves / reproductive structures
- Transport of water / nutrients
- Storage of excess food
What are the tissues found in stems? (Plants)
- Dermal tissue
- Ground tissue
- Vascular tissue (xylem, phloem)
What are MONOCOTS vs. DICOTS? (Plants)
MONOCOTS: xylem and phloem are scattered
DICOTS: xylem and phloem form a ring
What are the types of stems? (2) (Plants)
- Herbaceous stems:
- soft, green, and flexible
- contain chloroplast to preform photosynthesis
- can be monocots / dicots
- annuals are usually this type (ex: strawberries) - Woody stems:
- sturdy / wood - like
- do NOT preform photosynthesis
- may be covered in bark
- usually dicots
(ex: most trees, shrubs)
What are modified stems? (Plants)
- many plants have adapted their stems to survive different conditions
What is the potato / onion example? (Plants)
- a potato is a type of enlarged stem, called a TUBER
- onions / tulips have shortened, compressed stems called BULBS
- horizontal stems that grow above ground along the surface, like STRAWBERRIES, are called STOLONS
What are the 2 types of roots? (Plants)
- Taproot:
- thick central root with smaller branching roots. (ex: carrots, dandelions) - Fibrous:
- many small branching roots
- roots are all about the same size and grow from a central point (ex: green onions, grass)
What is the main function of leaves? (Plants)
- to convert light energy (sunlight) into chemical energy of food (glucose) via photosynthesis
6CO2 + 6H2O + light = C6H12O6 + 6O2
What is the external structure of leaves? (Name) (Explain!) (Plants)
- Blade: (usually the flat portion of a leaf which has a relatively large surface area)
- Petiole: (structure that connects the stem to the blade of the leaf)
- Cuticle: (waxy substance on epidermis that reduces evaporation- water loss)
- Venation: (pattern of the veins - vasculature - in a leaf)
- Midrib: main vein that runs in the middle of the blade
What is internal structure of leaves? (Plants)
- the epidermis contains cuticle. These layers are transparent to allow light to pass through to the next layer
- guard cells are found here (more in the back side of the leaf) (lower epidermis)
- between the upper / lower epidermis is the mesophyll. Made of 2 layers: (1. Palisade mesophyll is right below the epidermis as this is a layer of cells where most PHOTOSYNTHESIS occurs!) (2. The spongy mesophyll is below the palisade mesophyll as this is a layer of irregularly shaped and loosely packed cells. The open spaces allow O2 and CO2 and water vapour to move around easily)
What are guard cells? (Plants)
- paired, bean - shaped cells (more back side of the leaf)
- they surround / control the size of a small opening called STOMA
- when stoma are open, gas exchange can occur! (CO2 and O2 out!!)
- much of the water that reaches the leaf (90% or more) is lost to the atmosphere as it evaporates through the stoma. This water loss is known as transpiration
What are the 2 LEAF TYPES? (Name) (Explain!) (Plants)
- Simple leaf: blade is not divided into smaller parts
- Compound leaf: blades are divided into smaller leaflets on a single petiole. The individual leaflets may have smaller petioles attaching to the main petiole
What are the 3 LEAF ARRANGEMENTS? (Name) (Explain!) (Plants)
- Opposite leaf: 2 leaves are attached to the stem directly opposite each other at the same node (level)
- Alternate leaf: leaves arranged in a step - like pattern on either side of the stem, with each leaf at a different node (level)
- Whorled leaf: 3 (or more) leaves are evenly spaced around a stem at the same level
What are the 3 types of LEAF VENATION? (Name) (Explain!) (Plants)
- Parallel Venation: veins in the leaf run parallel to the main vein and each other. for most MONOCOT plants!!
- Pinnate Venation: smaller veins branch off along the main vein. * for most DICOT plants!!*
- Palmate Venation: several veins branch off from a common point near the base of the blade. for most DICOT plants
What is sexual reproduction in seed plants? (Plants)
- gametophyte: sexual structure of plants, with the purpose of gamete production. (Male = pollen that produce sperm cells / Female = produce egg cells).
- pollination: transfer of the sperm - containing pollen (male gametophyte) onto the female gametophyte.
the sperm and egg will combine!!
What is sexual reproduction in gymnosperms? (Plants)
- gymnosperms means “naked seed” (contain seeds that are exposed on the surface of cones)
- cones: contain male AND female gametes (male cones = smaller, located lower on the tree / female cones = larger, located higher on the tree)
How does sexual reproduction happen in plants? (Plants)
- pollen from male cone travels to female cone
- Sperm and egg combine together to form an embryo
- A seed develops
- The seed remains within the female cone to mature (takes months to years)
- Seed is dispersed
What is sexual reproduction in angiosperms? (Plants)
- they are known as the flowering plants (reproduce using flowers and their seeds are contained in a fruit
Flower Anatomy: what are the organs and their description of flowers? (4) (Plants)
- Sepal: surrounds / protects the flower bud. Look like small leaves
- Petals: colourful structures that attract pollinators
- Stamens: male reproductive organs. filament is the stalk that supports the anthers. (Anthers produce / stores pollen).
- Pistils: female reproductive organs. Contains the following structures:
- stigma: tip that captures the pollen
- style: stalk
- ovary: produces eggs
What do you call flowers that can have different numbers of pistil and stamen? (Plants)
- some have BOTH stamen and pistil = perfect flowers
- some only have ONE type (not both) = imperfect flowers
What are monocots vs. dicots flowers? (Example of each) (Plants)
Monocot: number of petals, sepals, pistils, and stamens is a multiple of 3
(Ex: white trillium)
Dicot: number of petals, sepals, pistils, and stamens is a multiple of 4 or 5
(Ex: meadow beauty)
What are the methods of pollination? (4) (Plants)
- Self - pollination: occurs when flowers pollinate themselves or another flower on the SAME plant.
- Cross - pollination: occurs when flowers from DIFFERENT plants are pollinated.
- Animal pollination: occurs with flowers that have BRIGHT colours, strong scents, or a sweet liquid (nectar)
- Wind pollination: occurs with flowers that produce a LARGE amount of pollen. (Ex: dandelions)
What are seed & fruit formation? (Plants)
- once pollination occurs, the sperm and egg combine = FERTILIZATION
- fertilized egg develops into a seed
- the outside of the egg hardens into the seed coat for protection
- the fruit is formed from changes that occur in the OVARY (mainly forms from the OVARY WALL)
- fruits help protect and distribute seeds!
What is seed germination? (Plants)
- as a seed matures, it loses water and enters a sleeping state known as DORMANCY
- germination is the process of resuming growth after dormancy
How does seed germination work? (Plants)
- When the seed absorbs water, it swells and breaks the seed coat
- Nutrients are made available to the embryo
- Food and oxygen allow cellular respiration to occur, providing energy to the embryo for growth
