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Genetics Flashcards

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1
Q

What is heterozygous? (Genetics)

A
  • two things different or distinct (different alleles)
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2
Q

What is homozygous? (Genetics)

A
  • two things are the same (same alleles)
  • upper case = dominant
  • lower case = recessive
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3
Q

What would the name for “bb” ? (Genetics)

A
  • homozygous recessive
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4
Q

What would be the name for “BB” ? (Genetics)

A
  • homozygous dominant
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5
Q

What would be the name for “Bb” ? (Genetics)

A
  • heterozygous (doesn’t need dominant / recessive)
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6
Q

What chromosomes do males carry? (Genetics)

A

X Y

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7
Q

What chromosomes do females carry? (Genetics)

A

X X

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8
Q

What is a gene? (Genetics)

A
  • specific region of DNA that codes for a protein, which will usually present a trait. (ie: hair colour gene).
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9
Q

What is a genome? (Genetics)

A
  • entire DNA sequence for a species.
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10
Q

What are alleles? (Genetics)

A
  • different forms of a gene. Humans have 2 per trait (1 from mom and 1 from dad). Usually located in the same position on a chromosome (ie: brown hair allele vs. blonde hair allele).
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11
Q

What is dominant? (Genetics)

A
  • allele / trait that is fully showing. Denoted by capital letter.
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12
Q

What is recessive? (Genetics)

A
  • allele / trait that is hidden it masked when paired with a dominant trait. Denoted by the same letter but lower - case.
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13
Q

What is a genotype? (Genetics)

A
  • combination of alleles an organism has for a given trait (ie: BB, Bb, bb).
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14
Q

What is a phenotype? (Genetics)

A
  • the observable trait based on the alleles.
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15
Q

What does “P” mean in genetics?

A
  • parent generation
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16
Q

What does “F1” mean in genetics?

A
  • first generation (children)
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17
Q

What does “F2” mean in genetics?

A
  • second generation (grandchildren)
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18
Q

Monohybrid crosses: what are the 2 laws of heredity? (Explain) (Genetics)

A

1) law of segregation: inherited traits are determined by pairs of alleles - one from the sperm and one from the egg.

2) law of dominance: one allele for a trait is dominant and one is recessive. The dominant trait one, if present, can hide the recessive one.

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19
Q

Monohybrid crosses: what is a punnet square? (Genetics)

A
  • used to show all the possible allele combinations.
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20
Q

Monohybrid crosses: what is a mutant type? (Genetics)

A
  • abnormal type.
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21
Q

What are dihybrid crosses?

A
  • dihybrid crosses are used to determine the probability of genotypes and phenotypes involving TWO (2) different genes simultaneously.
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22
Q

Sex Linkage: what are sex chromosomes? (Genetics)

A
  • X and Y are not exactly homologous to each other.
  • the Y chromosome is much smaller than the X chromosome.
  • the Y chromosome contains about 200 genes whereas the X chromosome contains over 1400 genes!
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23
Q

What are 3 characteristics of homologous chromosomes? (Genetics)

A
  • shape
  • size
  • gene arrangement
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24
Q

What is Co - Dominance & Incomplete Dominance? (Basic explanation) (Genetics)

A

Incomplete Dominance: blend of the two phenotypes (CrCr)

Co - Dominance: alleles are fully at the same time (BB)

25
Q

What are 3 characteristics of karyotyping features? (Genetics)

A
  • chromosomes pairs with the same size and bonding patterns
  • sex chromosomes are always placed last
  • 1st 22 pairs are called AUTOSOMES
26
Q

What determines the sex of the baby? (Genetics)

A
  • the father
27
Q

What are spontaneous mutations?

A
  • random errors in DNA replication (mitosis and meiosis)
28
Q

What are induced mutations? (Genetics)

A
  • arise from a factor called MUTAGEN
29
Q

What are 2 factors of chromosomal mutations? (Genetics)

A
  • can occur in BOTH mitosis and meiosis
  • right number of chromosomes, but the chromosome is “messed up”
30
Q

What are examples of common mutagens? (Genetics)

A
  • X-rays
  • UV radiation
  • viruses
  • chemicals
31
Q

What is non disjunction? (Genetics)

A
  • another form of mutation caused by incorrect meiosis (missing chromosome = 22 | extra chromosome = 24)
32
Q

How many chromosomes should every human have in total? (Genetics)

A
  • 46 (23 from each parent)
33
Q

What are the 2 types of aneuploidy? (Explain) (Genetics)

A
  • monosomy: zygote is missing 1 chromosome
  • trisomy: zygote has 1 extra chromosome
34
Q

What is mitosis? (Genetics)

A

• type of nuclear division (duplicates body cells ONLY)
• at the end, the cell divides to form 2 IDENTICAL cells called daughter cells.
• occurs in somatic cells (non - sex cells)

35
Q

How many stages of mitosis? (Genetics)

A

4

36
Q

What are the stages of mitosis? (Just name!) (Genetics)

A

PMAT:
- prophase
- metaphase
- anaphase
- telophase / cytokinesis

37
Q

What is the diffence between chromatin and chromosomes? (Mitosis: Genetics)

A
  • A chromosome consists of a single, double-stranded DNA molecule while
    a chromatin consists of two DNA strands joined together by their centromere.
38
Q

What is prophase? (Mitosis: Genetics)

A

• chromosomes become visible
• nuclear membrane breaks down
• paires of centrioles move to opposite ends of the cell
• spindle fibres form from the centrioles

39
Q

What is metaphase? (Mitosis: Genetics)

A

• chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell to form the metaphase plate
• each chromosome attaches to a spindle fibre at its centromere

40
Q

What is anaphase? (Mitosis: Genetics)

A

• spindle fibres pull on and split the centromeres
• sister chromatids move to opposite sides of the cell

41
Q

What is telophase? (Mitosis: Genetics)

A

• chromosomes reach opposite sides of the cell
• new nuclear membranes form around the chromosomes
• chromosomes relax to form chromatin
• spindle fibres disappear
• cytokinesis begins

42
Q

What is the cytokinesis for animal cells? (Mitosis: Genetics)

A
  • cleavage furrow
43
Q

What is the cytokinesis for plant cells? (Mitosis: Genetics)

A
  • cell plate
44
Q

What are somatic cells? (Mitosis: Genetics)

A
  • non sex cells
45
Q

What are the stages of meiosis? (Just name!) (Genetics)

A

Prophase 1
Metaphase 1
Anaphase 1
Telophase 1 and cytokinesis
Prophase 2
Metaphase 2
Anaphase 2
Telophase 2 and cytokinesis

46
Q

What is meiosis? (Genetics)

A

• cell division that creates 4 gametes (sperm or egg cells) that are genetically different
• each gamete contains 1/2 the total #
of chromosomes = 23 chromosomes
in total
• occurs in testes and ovarles

47
Q

What are the 2 stages of meiosis? (Genetics)

A

• meiosis 1: homologous chromosomes
are separated
• meiosis 2: sister chromatids are
separated
(At the end of meiosis, 4 haploid cells with genetic diversity are created).

48
Q

What happens in the end of meiosis? (Genetics)

A

• spermatogenesis: 4 equally - sized sperm cells are produced.
• oogensis: 1 large egg cell and 3 polar bodies are produced.
• fertilization: sperm (23 chromosomes)
+ egg (23 chromosomes) = zygote (46
chromosomes).

49
Q

What is prophase 1? (Meiosis: Genetics)

A

• nuclear membrane dissolves, centrioles migrate to opposite ends, and spindle fibres form
• homologous chromosomes pair up in a process called synapsis to form a
“tetrad” structure
• homologous exchange a section of
DNA in a process called crossing - over as this creates genetic variation*

50
Q

What is metaphase 1? (Meiosis: Genetics)

A

• spindle fibres attach onto homologous
• homologous chromosomes line up randomly in the middle to form the metaphase plate as this creates genetic variation *
• thus is called independent assortment

51
Q

What is anaphase 1? (Meiosis: Genetics)

A

• spindle fibres pull apart the homologous chromosomes
• chromosomes move to opposite ends of the cell

52
Q

What is telophase 1 / cytokinesis? (Meiosis: Genetics)

A

• nuclear membrane begins to reform
• spindle fibres disappear
• cytokinesis cause cell division
• END RESULT: 2 haploid daughter cells that are genetically different from the parent cell are produced

53
Q

What is prophase 2? (Meiosis: Genetics)

A

• nuclear membrane dissolves and spindle fibres form

54
Q

What is metaphase 2? (Meiosis: Genetics)

A

• spindle fibres attach onto chromosomes
• chromosomes line up in the middle to form the metaphase plate

55
Q

What is anaphase 2? (Meiosis: Genetics)

A

• spindle fibres pull apart the chromosomes
• sister chromatids move to opposite ends of the cell
• *similar to mitosis but half # of chromosomes

56
Q

What is telophase 2? (Meiosis: Genetics)

A

• nuclear membrane begins to reform
• spindle fibres disappear
• cytokinesis causes cell division
• END RESULT: in total, 4 haploid daughter cells (containing 23 chromosomes) that are genetically different from the parent cell are produced

57
Q

What is diploid? (Meiosis: Genetics)

A

• cell that has 2 sets of chromosomes (46 in total)

58
Q

What is haploid? (Meiosis: Genetics)

A

• cell that has 1 set of chromosomes (23 in total)

Biology (5 decks)

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