Diversity Flashcards
What are the characteristics of living things (name, explain, examples) (8) (Diversity)
- Organization: all living things are composed of one or more cell / cells can be organized into tissues, organs, and organ systems. (cells)
- Reproduction: all organisms reproduce to continue the species existence (sexual = genetic mix of both parents, asexual = genetically identical as its only 1 parent)
- Growth and Development: all organisms follow instructions in their DNA to grow / develop (children to teens to adults)
- Homeostasis and Control: all organisms must maintain homeostasis: a stable, internal condition in order to remain alive
(ex: temperature, heartbeat, blood pressure, etc). - Energy: all organisms use energy to survive and function (metabolism)
/ plants and animals produce energy in their mitochondria via cellular respiration (autotrophs and heterotrophs) - Response to Stimuli: all organisms must be able to respond to their environment to survive (ex: fight or flight, phototropism)
- Adaptations: physical adjustments in individuals of a species (hard shell of a clam)
- Evolution: the change in the genetic makeup of a population (things evolve overtime)
What is cell theory? (Diversity)
• all living things are made up of cells
• cells are the smallest functional units of all living things
• cells come from pre-existing cells through cell - division
What is unicellular vs. multicellular? Diversity)
Unicellular: Composed of one cell
(Ex: bacteria)
Multicellular: Composed of more than one cell (Ex: dogs)
What are the 2 different types of cells? (Name and explain!) (Diversity)
- Prokaryotes: ancient cell types, NO nucleus, very small and simple, always unicellular
- Eukaryotes: updated cell type, contains a nucleus, larger and more complex, can be unicellular or multicellular
Why do living organisms need to be identified, named, and classified?
(Diversity)
• used for medical products (ex: drugs and hormones)
• to understand / treat the diseases
The different definitions of species are based on what? (3) (Diversity)
- Morphological (body shape, size, and structural features)
- Biological (whether two organisms can produce fertile offspring)
- Phylogenetic (evolutionary history of organisms)
What is taxonomy? (Diversity)
Taxonomy is the branch of biology that identifies, names, and classifies species
What is a scientific name? (Diversity)
GENUS - comes first! with a capital letter!
SPECIES- comes second, not capitalized
How does a dichotomous key work? (Diversity)
A dichotomous key always gives two choices in each step. In each step, you must make a decision based on characteristics of the item.
What is the cell type of bacteria? (Diversity)
- prokaryotic
Is bacteria multicellular or unicellular? (Diversity)
- unicellular
What is the metabolism of bacteria? (Diversity)
EITHER: autotrophic or heterotrophic
what is the anatomy of bacteria? (Name and function!) (Diversity)
Name (function): flagellum (movement), pilus (reproduction, adhesion, infection), nucleoid (genetic material - DNA), plasma membrane (controls movement of materials in and out of cell), ribosomes (protein synthesis), cell wall (protection - not in all bacteria), capsule (protection - not in all bacteria)
What are the common shapes of bacteria? (Diversity)
• Coccus (spherical)
• Bacillus (rod-like)
-Spirillum (spiral)
What are the common arrangements of bacteria? (Diversity)
-Mono (single)
-Diplo (pairs)
-Strepto (chain)
-Staphylo (clusters)
Bacterial cell wall: GRAM (Diversity)
Gram POSITIVE bacteria (stains purple, thick protein layer on the cell wall)
Gram NEGATIVE bacteria (stains pink, thin protein layer on the cell wall, resistant to antibiotics)
what are the 2 types of bacterial reproduction? (Explain!) (Diversity)
Asexual:
- parent cell grows larger and copies its
DNA
- 2 copies of DNA are separated and a wall called Septum (means cell wall)
forms in the middle
- genetically identical
- this is called binary fission
Sexual:
- DNA is transterred from one cell to another via the pilus
- the recipient cell wall with the new DNA divides by binary fission
- genetically different
- this is called conjugation
Bacteria in our lives: (Diversity)
Probiotics (ex: yogurt, sauerkraut, pickles, kimchi, cottage cheese, kombucha)
Controlling bacteria: (Diversity)
• Cooling / freezing to slow / stop bacterial growth
• Antiseptics kill bacteria (hydrogen peroxide, achool, etc)
• Keeping clean
• Antibiotics are medications that kill microbes like bacteria
What are the 2 types of bacterial reproductive methods? (Diversity)
• sexual (conjugation) and asexual (binary fission)
What are the benefits / harms of bacteria? (Diversity)
Benefits:
- probiotics
Harms:
- gives strep throat
What is the cell type of archaea? (Diversity)
- prokaryotic
Is archaea unicellular or multicellular? (Diversity)
- unicellular
What is the metabolism of archaea? (Diversity)
- BOTH: autotrophic and heterotrophic