Diversity Flashcards
What are the characteristics of living things (name, explain, examples) (8) (Diversity)
- Organization: all living things are composed of one or more cell / cells can be organized into tissues, organs, and organ systems. (cells)
- Reproduction: all organisms reproduce to continue the species existence (sexual = genetic mix of both parents, asexual = genetically identical as its only 1 parent)
- Growth and Development: all organisms follow instructions in their DNA to grow / develop (children to teens to adults)
- Homeostasis and Control: all organisms must maintain homeostasis: a stable, internal condition in order to remain alive
(ex: temperature, heartbeat, blood pressure, etc). - Energy: all organisms use energy to survive and function (metabolism)
/ plants and animals produce energy in their mitochondria via cellular respiration (autotrophs and heterotrophs) - Response to Stimuli: all organisms must be able to respond to their environment to survive (ex: fight or flight, phototropism)
- Adaptations: physical adjustments in individuals of a species (hard shell of a clam)
- Evolution: the change in the genetic makeup of a population (things evolve overtime)
What is cell theory? (Diversity)
• all living things are made up of cells
• cells are the smallest functional units of all living things
• cells come from pre-existing cells through cell - division
What is unicellular vs. multicellular? Diversity)
Unicellular: Composed of one cell
(Ex: bacteria)
Multicellular: Composed of more than one cell (Ex: dogs)
What are the 2 different types of cells? (Name and explain!) (Diversity)
- Prokaryotes: ancient cell types, NO nucleus, very small and simple, always unicellular
- Eukaryotes: updated cell type, contains a nucleus, larger and more complex, can be unicellular or multicellular
Why do living organisms need to be identified, named, and classified?
(Diversity)
• used for medical products (ex: drugs and hormones)
• to understand / treat the diseases
The different definitions of species are based on what? (3) (Diversity)
- Morphological (body shape, size, and structural features)
- Biological (whether two organisms can produce fertile offspring)
- Phylogenetic (evolutionary history of organisms)
What is taxonomy? (Diversity)
Taxonomy is the branch of biology that identifies, names, and classifies species
What is a scientific name? (Diversity)
GENUS - comes first! with a capital letter!
SPECIES- comes second, not capitalized
How does a dichotomous key work? (Diversity)
A dichotomous key always gives two choices in each step. In each step, you must make a decision based on characteristics of the item.
What is the cell type of bacteria? (Diversity)
- prokaryotic
Is bacteria multicellular or unicellular? (Diversity)
- unicellular
What is the metabolism of bacteria? (Diversity)
EITHER: autotrophic or heterotrophic
what is the anatomy of bacteria? (Name and function!) (Diversity)
Name (function): flagellum (movement), pilus (reproduction, adhesion, infection), nucleoid (genetic material - DNA), plasma membrane (controls movement of materials in and out of cell), ribosomes (protein synthesis), cell wall (protection - not in all bacteria), capsule (protection - not in all bacteria)
What are the common shapes of bacteria? (Diversity)
• Coccus (spherical)
• Bacillus (rod-like)
-Spirillum (spiral)
What are the common arrangements of bacteria? (Diversity)
-Mono (single)
-Diplo (pairs)
-Strepto (chain)
-Staphylo (clusters)
Bacterial cell wall: GRAM (Diversity)
Gram POSITIVE bacteria (stains purple, thick protein layer on the cell wall)
Gram NEGATIVE bacteria (stains pink, thin protein layer on the cell wall, resistant to antibiotics)
what are the 2 types of bacterial reproduction? (Explain!) (Diversity)
Asexual:
- parent cell grows larger and copies its
DNA
- 2 copies of DNA are separated and a wall called Septum (means cell wall)
forms in the middle
- genetically identical
- this is called binary fission
Sexual:
- DNA is transterred from one cell to another via the pilus
- the recipient cell wall with the new DNA divides by binary fission
- genetically different
- this is called conjugation
Bacteria in our lives: (Diversity)
Probiotics (ex: yogurt, sauerkraut, pickles, kimchi, cottage cheese, kombucha)
Controlling bacteria: (Diversity)
• Cooling / freezing to slow / stop bacterial growth
• Antiseptics kill bacteria (hydrogen peroxide, achool, etc)
• Keeping clean
• Antibiotics are medications that kill microbes like bacteria
What are the 2 types of bacterial reproductive methods? (Diversity)
• sexual (conjugation) and asexual (binary fission)
What are the benefits / harms of bacteria? (Diversity)
Benefits:
- probiotics
Harms:
- gives strep throat
What is the cell type of archaea? (Diversity)
- prokaryotic
Is archaea unicellular or multicellular? (Diversity)
- unicellular
What is the metabolism of archaea? (Diversity)
- BOTH: autotrophic and heterotrophic
Does archaea have a a cell wall? (Diversity)
- yes
Archaea vs. Bacteria: (Diversity)
• archaea and bacteria are * similar * in shape and size
• they are VERY * different *since they are in different domains!
What is another name for archaea? (Diversity)
- archaebacteria
Where does archaea live? (Diversity)
• they were mainly identified in harsh environments known as EXTREMOPHILES!
What are the different types of extremophiles of archaea? (Diversity)
- Thermophiles - heat lovers
- Methanogens - metabolic reactions produce methane gas
- Halophiles - salt lovers
- Psychrophiles - cold lovers
- Acidophiles - acid lovers
Archaean reproduction: (Diversity)
• archaea usually produces asexually
• because they produce asexually, the cells will divide into 2 genetically identical cells
What is the cell type of fungi? (Diversity)
- eukaryotic
How many cells does fungi have? (Diversity)
• few are unicellular but most are multicellular
What is the metabolism of fungi? (Diversity)
- heterotrophs
Does fungi have a cell wall? (Diversity)
- yes
Does fungi have chloroplast? (Diversity)
- no
What are examples of fungi? (Diversity)
- yeast
- mould
- lichen
- mushrooms
How does fungi feed? (Diversity)
• they will release digestive chemicals to break down food externally.
• they absorb nutrients through their cell membranes.
Unicellular fungi: (Diversity)
• yeast are unicellular fungi
• cells have a round shape
• usually reproduce asexually by a process called budding
Multicellular fungi: (Diversity)
• mushrooms and moulds
Anatomy of fungi: (4) (Diversity)
• hyphae: thread - like fibres that make up the basic structure
• mycelium: branching network of hyphae in soil or other nutritious environments
• fruiting body: spore - producing reproductive structure above ground
• spore:reproductive unit
Asexual reproduction in fungi: (2) (Diversity)
- Fragmentation: hyphae beaks off and forms a new mycelium
- Spore production: hyphae produce spores to form a new mycelium
Sexual reproduction in fungi: (Diversity)
• usually invokes two hyphae of different “types” combing to create a
“baby spore” called ZYGOSPORE
Are moulds multicellular or unicellular? (Diversity)
Multicellular
What conditions contribute to the growth of mould indoors? (Diversity)
• moisture and oxygen
• warm environments
• organic surfaces to provide nutrients
What is the cell type of protist? (Diversity)
- eukaryotic
How many cells do protist have? (Unicellular / Multicellular) (Diversity)
• mostly unicellular but some are multicellular
What is the metabolism of protists? (Diversity)
- EITHER: autotrophic or heterotrophic
Protists reproduction: (Diversity)
• some protists can use sexual
reproduction = conjugation
• all protists can use asexual
reproduction = binary fission
What are the types of protists? (3) (Diversity)
- Animal - like
- Plant - like
- Fungus - like
Protist mobility: (Diversity)
• they are motile due to the following : flagella, pseudopods, cilia.
What are the uses of protists? (Diversity)
• seaweed (algae)
• carrageenan
• diatoms
• algae
• trichomonas hominis
Identify 2 uses of protists? (Diversity)
• they serve as the foundation of the food chain
• they decompose
What is the endosymbiotic theory? (Show evidence) (Diversity)
• one cell engulfed another cell, it survived then became the internal
part of the host cell
Evidence:
- mitochondria (powerhouse of the cell)
- chloroplast (photosynthesis)
What are viruses? (Diversity)
• they are very small biological particles
- NOT living
Are viruses made up of cells? (Diversity)
No
Do viruses have organelles? (Diversity)
No
What are common examples of viruses? (Diversity)
• fluenza, Covia 19, HIV, west Nile, ebola, etc.
Anatomy of viruses: (5) (Diversity)
• capsid (protects the DNA and RNA), genetic material (RNA or DNA), naked (a virus that lacks an envelope), enveloped (has an extra outer layer called an envelope), spikes (outer proteins that stick out to attach to host cells to invade).
Viruses morphology: (4) (Diversity)
• they are much smaller than prokaryotic / eukaryotic cells
- Helical (cylinder)
- Polyhedral
- Enveloped (round)
- Complex / phage (many sides with a tail)
- usually infect bacteria!
What is the Lytic Cycle: (4)
(Viruses: Diversity)
- Adsorption: virus attaches to the host cell. (Injects itself)
-
Penetration & Uncoating: virus enters the host cell and loses its envelop.
DNA / RNA is released. - Synthesis: “hijacking” host cell makes the parts of the virus using viral DNA / RNA. The hosts DNA is also destroyed.
- Assembly & Release: the cell explodes
What is the Lysogenic Cycle: (4)
(Viruses: Diversity)
- Virus injects itself into a host cell (RNA
is more common) - Viral DNA inserts itself into the HOST DNA.
- Viral DNA hides and stays dormant (inactive) for a period of time. The infected cell may divide to replicate the virus.
- Virus DNA is activated (extracted from the HOST) by a “trigger” (such as a specific temperature or PH) and then enters the lyric cycle.
What are vaccines?
(Viruses: Diversity)
• help fight off diseases
• many viruses change over time due to changing surface proteins. This is why we may need booster shots or yearly vaccines!
Are viruses alive? Why or why not? (Diversity)
No, because they do not contain cells
What are plants? (Diversity)
• must be multicellular
• be eukaryotic
• autotrophic
• have cells with cell walls containing cellulose
Plants vs. Algae: (Diversity)
•algae = ancestors of plants
A few distinctions include…
(Plants: Diversity)
- growing environment (plants =
usually land; algae = usually water)
• plants reproduce using embryos but algae do not
What is the classification of plants? (Diversity)
non-vascular and vascular:
(vascular: plants with vascular tissue / nonvascular: lacks a vascular system)
Vascular: seedless and seeded:
(seedless: A plant that does not produce seeds / seeded: plants that have seeds)
Seeded: gymnosperms and angiosperms: (gym: seed-producing plants / angi: plants that produce flowers and bear their seeds in fruits)
Angiosperms: monocots and dicots: (monocot: single seed bearing leaves / dicots: one of 2 groups that into which all the flowering plants were divided)
What is the cell type of animals? (Diversity)
- eukaryotic
Are animal cells multicellular or unicellular? (Diversity)
- multicellular
What is the metabolism of animals? (Diversity)
- heterotrophic
Do animals have a cell wall? (Diversity)
No
What is the mobility of animals? (Diversity)
Motile
How do animals reproduce? (Diversity)
Sexually - produce an embroyo
Backbone present ____
OR absent ____ (fill in
the blanks) (Animals: Diversity)
Backbone present is
VERTEBRATE
Backbone absent is
INVERTEBRATE
What is the percentage of animals that are invertebrates? (Diversity)
95 %
- Levels of organization: (Animals: Diversity)
• can be cell, tissue, or organs level (example of a cell level would be sponges)
- Number of body layers: (Animals: Diversity)
- one to three layers of cells
- Movement (Animals: Diversity)
- motile (active) or sessile (stationary)
- Segmentation: (Animals: Diversity)
- division of the body into repetitive sections
- Symmetry and body plants: (3) (Animals: Diversity)
- Asymmetrical (no symmetry)
- Radical symmetry (parrel with the body axis)
- Bilateral symmetry (into 2 mirror halves)
- Body cavity: (2) (Animals: Diversity)
- Coelomate (body activity present)
- Acoelomate (body cavity absent)
- Reproduction: (Animals: Diversity)
• external fertilization: outside the body
• internal fertilization: inside the body
What does “Coelomate” mean? (Give 2 examples) (Animals: Diversity)
• possess coelom between the body wall and digestive tract
Ex: annelids, molluscs, and arthropods
What is the taxonomy and order? (Count starting from the bottom) (Diversity)
Did King Phillip Come Over For Good Spaghetti
Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species
Name the 3 domains: (Diversity)
- archaea
- bacteria
- eukarya
Name the 6 kingdoms: (Diversity)
• Archaea
• Bacteria
• Protista
• Fungi
• Plantae
• Animalia
What Is Similar Between Animalia, Plantae, Protista, Fungi? (Diversity)
• nucleus
• same DOMAINE (eukaryotic)
What are a few examples of cell organelles? (Diversity)
- nucleus
- ribosome
- endoplasmic reticulum
- chloroplast
- golgi complex
- large central vacuole
- mitochondrion
- lysosome
What would be the name (of bacteria) if it were spherical and in clusters? (Diversity)
- staphylococcus
What is the one kingdom in the BACTERIA domain? (Diversity)
- bacteria
What is the one kingdom in the ARCHAEA domain? (Diversity)
- archaea
What are the four kingdoms in the EUKARYA domain? (Diversity)
- animalia
- plantae
- fungi
- protista
What are pieces of evidence for protists theory? (2) (Diversity)
- chloroplasts
- mitochondrion
