Anatomy Flashcards
1
Q
What is Anatomy? (Anatomy)
A
- describes the structure (shape / size / arrangement) of the parts that make up an organism
2
Q
What is physiology? (Anatomy)
A
- describes the functions of these body parts
3
Q
What are the levels of organization? (Just name!) (Anatomy)
A
1) Cells
2) Tissues
3) Organs
4) Organ Systems
4
Q
What are cells? (Anatomy)
A
- basic unit of life
5
Q
What are tissues? (Anatomy)
A
- group of cells with that are similar in shape / function
6
Q
What are organs? (Anatomy)
A
- tissues that are often organized into larger structures and work together to form organs
7
Q
What are organ systems? (Anatomy)
A
- groups of organs that have related functions
- they depend on each other and must work together to maintain homeostasis
8
Q
How many organ systems are there? (Anatomy)
A
11
9
Q
What are the 11 organ systems? (Name and explain!) (Anatomy)
A
- Integumentary - encloses internal body structures
- Skeletal - supports the body
- Muscular - enables movement
- Nervous - detects and processes sensory information
- Endocrine - secrets hormones
- Cardiovascular- delivers oxygen / nutrients to tissues
- Lymphatic - returns fluid to blood
- Respiratory - removes carbon dioxide (CO2)
- Digestive - processes food
- Urinary - controls water balance
- Male / Female Reproductive - produces sex hormones / gametes
10
Q
What is the circulatory system? (Anatomy)
A
- the circulatory system has three components:
Pump : heart
Pipping / tubing : blood vessels
Fluid / medium : blood
11
Q
Name the important bodily functions in the circulatory system. (7) (Anatomy)
A
- Brings nutrients and O2 to cells
- Removes waste and CO2 from cells
- Circulates hormones
- Helps maintain proper fluid levels
- Helps with body’s immunity by transporting immune cells
- Regulates heart (thermoregulation)
- Heals wounds
12
Q
How many litres of blood does the average human body contain? (Anatomy)
A
5 L
13
Q
Where are blood cells produced? (Anatomy)
A
- bone marrow
14
Q
What are the different components of blood? (Name and explain) (Anatomy)
A
- Plasma: largest portion (~55%) of total blood volume, fluid that carries all blood components, mainly water
- Red blood cells (RBCs): also called erythrocytes, carries O2 to cells / removes CO2 from cells, NO nucleus, hemoglobin
- White blood cells (WBCs): also called leukocytes, part of the immune system to help fight infections / destroy harmful material, large nucleus
- Platelets: also called thrombocytes, fragments of cytoplasm broken off from larger cells = NO nucleus!, help with coagulation (blood clotting) to stop bleeding
15
Q
How does blood typing work? (Anatomy)
A
- A / B / O blood typing is based on the presence / absence of protein markers called antigens or the RBC membrane
- each antigen has a matching antibody or Ab which causes clotting
16
Q
Why do you need the perfect match for blood? (Anatomy)
A
- if you have matching antigens / antibodies in your blood, clotting occurs. This is dangerous for your body!
17
Q
What is the rhesus factor: (Anatomy)
A
- another antigen on RBC membranes. Group of 18 proteins
Rh + = you have one or more of these proteins. Rh - Ab are NOT produced in the body
Rh - = you do not have any of these proteins. Rh - Ab ARE produced in the body
18
Q
What is the mammalian heart? (Anatomy)
A
- the heart is a muscle roughly the size of your fist
- (cardiac muscle cells) that allow the heart to contract and relax rhythmically without becoming fatigued
19
Q
What does deoxygenated / oxygenated mean? (Anatomy)
A
deoxygenated: oxygen poor - blood that comes from the body. sent to the lungs
oxygenated: oxygen rich - blood that comes from lungs. sent to the body
20
Q
What are the 2 parallel pumps which move blood through different paths? (Anatomy)
A
1) Pulmonary: to / from the lungs
2) Systematic: to / from the rest of the body
21
Q
What are the layers of the heart wall? (Anatomy)
A
- endocardium: thin inner layer of the heart
- myocardium: thick middle layer made of muscle
- epicardium: protective outer layer of the heart
22
Q
What are the 4 heart chambers? (Name and explain!) (Anatomy)
A
- left / right atria (thin - walled chambers: low pressure)
- left / right vertices (thick - walled chambers, high-pressure, more muscular walls)
23
Q
What are heart valves? (What are the 2 types?) Anatomy)
A
- prevents back flow!
2 types:
1) atrioventricular (AV)
2) semilunar
24
Q
What are AV valves? (Anatomy)
A
- located between the atrium and ventricle on both sides of the heart
- contain cusps (“flaps”)
(Right AV valve - tricuspid valve = 3 cusps)
(Left AV valve - bicuspid valve = 2 cusps)
25
What are semilunar valves? (Anatomy)
- valves shaped like half moons
(RV = pulmonary valve)
(LV = aortic valve)
26
What are heart sounds? (Anatomy)
- The heart makes a LUB - DUB sound
(LUB = AV valves close)
(DUB = semilunar valves close)
27
What are coronary arteries? (Anatomy)
- The heart needs oxygen / nutrients itself to function
- blood vessels from the aorta that bring blood filled with oxygen and nutrients to the heart muscle itself
28
What causes a heart attack? (Anatomy)
- when the heart does not receive enough oxygenated blood
29
What are 3 risk factors / symptoms of a heart attack? (Anatomy)
Risks:
- old age
- poor diet
- smoking
Symptoms:
- chest pain
- shortness of breath
- feeling weak / lightheaded
30
What are the 3 main types of blood vessels in the body? (Anatomy)
1) arteries
2) veins
3) capillaries
31
What is the structure / function of arteries? (Anatomy)
Structure:
- thick muscular walls, elastic, and smaller diameter
Function:
- to transport high-pressure blood AWAY from the heart
32
What is the structure / function of veins? (Anatomy)
Structure:
- thin walls, larger diameter. Contain valves to keep blood moving in one direction.
Function:
- to transport, low pressure blood TOWARDS the heart
33
What is the structure / function of capillaries? (Anatomy)
Structure:
- extremely thin walls, very narrow diameter
Function:
- gas in nutrient / waste exchange between blood and body cells
34
What is thermoregulation? (Anatomy)
- a mammals circulatory system can control body temperature by changing the volume of blood flowing near the body surface
(Vasodilation: widening of blood vessels - increase blood flow)
(Vasoconstriction: narrowing of blood vessels - decrease blood flow)
35
What is blood pressure? (Anatomy)
- force of blood pressing against the walls of arteries. Consist of 2 numbers
Systolic pressure: pressure when the ventricles contract (HIGH)
Diastolic pressure: pressure when the ventricles relax (LOW)
36
What is the equation for blood pressure? (Anatomy)
- systolic / diastolic
37
How is blood pressure measured? (Anatomy)
- sphygmomanometer
38
What is considered a normal blood pressure? (Anatomy)
- 120 / 80 mm Hg
39
What is hypertension? (Anatomy)
- hypertension is consistently HIGH blood pressure
(Systolic is 140)
(Diastolic is 90)
LOW blood pressure
(Systolic is 90)
(Diastolic is 60)
40
What is atherosclerosis? (Anatomy)
- thickening of the arteries due to plaque buildup
41
What are examples of cells? (Anatomy)
- red blood cells
- sperm cells
- nerve cells
- fat cells
42
What are the 4 main tissues that animals have? (Anatomy)
- epithelial tissue
- connective tissue
- muscle tissue
- nerve tissue
43
What are platelets also called? (Anatomy)
- thrombocytes
44
What type of cells do NOT have a nucleus when they are fully developed? (Anatomy)
- red blood cells
45
What is specialization? (Anatomy)
- when cells have different structures to perform different functions
46
What are red blood cells also called? (Anatomy)
- erythrocytes
47
What are white blood cells also called? (Anatomy)
- leukocytes
48
What is the scientific word for blood clotting? (Anatomy)
- coagulation
49
What is the scientific name for a heart attack? (Anatomy)
- myocardial infarction
50
What do you call smaller veins? (Anatomy)
- venules
51
What are the main functions of the respiratory system? (2) (Anatomy)
1. Supply oxygen to the body
2. Remove carbon dioxide from the body
52
Why do we need to breathe? (Anatomy)
- oxygen is used to help breakdown food to produce energy via cellular respiration.
- carbon dioxide is produced during cellular respiration as a waste product we need to get rid of.
53
What is the equation for cellular respiration? (Anatomy)
C6H12O6 = 6H2O + 6CO2 + ATP (energy)
54
What are the organs of the respiratory system? (Name and function!) (Anatomy)
- nose / navel cavity: warms and filters air.
- mouth / oral cavity: allows air to enter.
- pharynx (throat): *connects nose and mouth* to the rest of the respiratory tract.
- epiglottis: flap of tissue that covers the trachea when you are swallowing food into the esophagus.
- larynx: contains voice box.
- trachea (windpipe): tube that has rings of cartilage, filters air with mucus.
- bronchus (singular): 2 bronchi (left / right) that carries air to the LUNGS
- bronchioles: carries air into the AVEOLI, NO cartilage.
- alveoli: end of the bronchioles, look like *grapes wrapped in capillaries*, surface area = can cover an entire tennis court, gas exchange occurs via diffusion.
- lungs: main organ for gas exchange / respiration, contains alveoli wrapped in capillaries
- diaphragm: changes the volume of the chest cavity.
- intercostal muscles: muscles between ribs, allow the rib cage to expand and contract for breathing.
55
How many organs does the human body have? (Anatomy)
78
56
What is pleura? (2 types) (Anatomy)
- the pleura protects and cushions the lungs and there exists 2 types:
1. Visceral pleura: inner layer that DIRECTLY covers the lungs.
2. Parietal pleura: outer layer attached to the inside of the chest wall.
57
Are lungs inside your ribcage? (Anatomy)
Yes
58
What are alveoli and gas exchange? (Anatomy)
- tiny sacs that look like grapes at the very ends of the bronchioles.
- are wrapped in capillaries.
- only 1 cell thick!
- this is where the respiratory and circulatory system link via gas exchange!!
Gas exchange = *oxygen is exchanged for carbon dioxide*
59
What is diffusion? (Anatomy)
- higher (O2) in the alveoli
- lower (O2) in the RBC
- O2 diffuses into RBC
- lower (CO2) in the alveoli
- higher (CO2) in the RBC
- CO2 diffuses into alveoli
60
What are breathing movements? (Anatomy)
- air moves from HIGH to LOWER pressure.
61
What are 4 properties of alveoli to maximize gas exchange? (Anatomy)
1. *Large surface area* in the lungs to absorb oxygen.
2. *Moist surface* to allow oxygen to dissolve.
3. *Thin lining* to allow easy diffusion of gases.
4. *Dense network of capillary* for efficient gas exchange.
62
What is the main function of the digestive system? (Anatomy)
- to supply the body cells with nutrients.
63
What are the 3 substrates and products of the digestive system? (Anatomy)
1. Carbohydrates: simple sugars.
2. Proteins: amino acids.
3. Lipids / Fats: fatty acids and glycerol.
64
What are the 4 stages of the digestive system? (Explain!) (Anatomy)
1. Ingestion: food enters / travels through the digestive tract “eating”.
2. Digestion: food is broken down into smaller parts. There are 2 types: (mechanical - chewing / chemical - broken down using chemicals).
3. Absorption: nutrients and water are absorbed into the circulatory system to be transported to body cells.
4. Elimination: undigested food, waste, and materials are removed out of the body.
65
Organs can be classified into 2 things: (Anatomy)
1. Digestive tract: tube / pathway that runs from the mouth to the anus. Food passes through the tract and its related organs.
2. Accessory organs: food does not travel through these organs, but they help with the process of digestion.
66
What is the mouth (oral cavity)? (Anatomy)
- contains teeth
- breaks down food through “chewing”
- contains tongue (pushes the food down the pharynx for swallowing).
67
What is the esophagus? (Anatomy)
- muscular tube with mucus lining: transports the ball of food (called bolus) from the mouth into the stomach by a process called “peristalsis”
68
What is peristalsis? (Anatomy)
- makes sure food is travelling in the correct direction (downwards).
*even when the body is upside down, the food will STILL pass from the mouth to the stomach.*
69
What is the stomach? (Anatomy)
- J shaped, bag - like organ (holds 1.5 L / max is 4L)
- muscular walls (churns / physically breaks down food
- contains sphincters at both ends of the stomach.
- contains hydrochloric acid (HCl)
- contains digestive enzymes
- once the food is broken down even further and combines with HCl and enzymes, this liquid food mixture is called “chyme”
- chyme leaves the stomach and enters the small intestine via pyloric sphincter
70
What are the 2 different types of sphincters? (Anatomy)
1. Esophageal sphincter: separates the esophagus and stomach
2. Pyloric sphincter: separates the stomach and small intestine
71
What is the small intestine? (Anatomy)
- coiled tube that extends about 6 m long
- divided into 3 sections: duodenum, jéjunum, lieum.
- contains digestive enzymes for further chemical digestion
- main area for nutrient absorption
72
What is nutrient absorption? (Anatomy)
- small intestine walls are covered in FOLDS with finger leg projections called “villi” (smaller = microvilli)
- villi and microvilli increase the surface area to maximize nutrient absorption
- villi contains capillaries
73
What is the pancreas? (Anatomy)
- controls the blood sugar
- long structure (15 cm long)
- produces most of the digestive enzymes in the body and empties them into the duodenum
74
What is the liver? (Anatomy)
- makes the bile
- largest internal organ
- made of 2 lobes
- produces greenish - yellow fluid called bile (bile helps to digest fats)
- coverts glucose into glycogen for storage
- breaks down alcohol
(alcohol poisoning = damaged liver)
75
What is the gallbladder? (Anatomy)
- small, green, bag - like structure located *behind* the liver
- stores bile produced by the liver
(Bile is released into the duodenum via bile duct when fatty food is ingested)
76
What is the largest outside organ? (Anatomy)
Skin
77
What is the largest internal organ? (Anatomy)
Liver
78
What can the large intestine also be called? (Anatomy)
- colon
79
What is the large intestine / colon? (Anatomy)
- short tube (1.5 m long)
- larger diameter than small intestine
- absorbs remaining water from the food material
- contains bacteria to ferment the teaming material and produce gases
80
What is the appendix? (Anatomy)
- thin tube joined to the LARGE intestine (thought to help fight infection, becomes a vestigial structure)
81
What is the rectum? (Anatomy)
- STORES feces (poop)
82
What is the anus? (Anatomy)
- ELIMINATES feces from the body
- contains 2 sphincters: 1 voluntary and 1 involuntary
83
What is the flap of tissue that covers the trachea? (Anatomy)
- epiglottis
84
What is the tube that has rings of cartilage? (Anatomy)
- trachea
85
What does the mouth contain which release saliva? (Explain) (Anatomy)
- salivary glands which release saliva
(lubricants the food, contains an enzyme called amylase which starts to “chemically” break down starches into simple sugars).
86
What 3 parts does the small intestine have? (Explain) (Anatomy)
1. Duodenum - first part of the small intestine
2. Jejunum - the middle part of the small intestine
3. Ileum - the last part of the small intestine
87
How is nutrient absorption maximized? (Anatomy)
- the lining of the small intestinal mucosa
88
What is the relationship between the digestive and circulatory system? (Anatomy)
- nutrients that gets digested / absorbed by the digestive system is then transported throughout the body by the circulatory system
89
How many lobes does EACH lung have? Why? (Anatomy)
- RIGHT lung has 3 lobes
- LEFT lungs has 2 lobes
*RIGHT lungs has more because it is slightly bigger than the left one - heart sits on the left side *
90
What are enzymes? (Anatomy)
- proteins that help speed up metabolism / chemical reactions in our bodies
91
What are examples of enzymes? (Explain) (Anatomy)
- Lipases: helps to digest FATS
- Amylase: In the SALIVA, helps change STARCHES into SUGARS
- Maltase: ALSO OCCURS in the SALIVA, and breaks the sugar maltose into GLUCOSE
92
What are the 5 parts of the large intestine? (Anatomy)
- cecum
- ascending colon
- transverse colon
- descending colon
- sigmoid colon
