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Toxicology > Plant toxic principles > Flashcards

Plant toxic principles Flashcards

1
Q

what is the MOA of insoluble calcium oxalates?

A
  • all parts of plant toxic
  • needle shaped crystals that penetrate the oral mucosa, tongue, and throat causing irriattion
  • some species produce proteolytic enzymes that cause the release of histamine and kinins –> more mechanical damage
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2
Q

what plants are insoluble calcium oxalates?

A 
chinese evergreen
elephant's ear
flamingo plant
caladium
dumbane
pothos, devil's ivy
philodendron, swiss cheese plant
peace lily
arrowhead vine
calla lily
umbrella tree
fishtail palm
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3
Q

what is the MOA of soluble oxalates?

A

hypocalcemia and precipitation of insoluble calcium oxalates in soft tissus and kidney damage

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4
Q

what plants are soluble oxalates?

A 
halogeton
pigweed
beet
greasewood
lamb's quarters
rhubarb
sorrel and soursop
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5
Q

what is the MOA of isocupressic acid?

A

vasoconstriction and decrease in uterine blood flow that stimulates release of fetal cortisol and abortion

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6
Q

what plants have isocupressic acid?

A

ponderosa pine

monterey cypress

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7
Q

what is the MOA of quinones?

A

primary photosensitization

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8
Q

what plants are quinones?

A

st. john’s wort

buckwheat

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9
Q

what is the MOA of tannic acid?

A
  • tissue damage including GI lesions and kidney damage
  • mainly GI lesions and kidney damage in ruminants
  • mainly GI lesions in monogastrics
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10
Q

what plants have tannic acid?

A 
oak tree (red, white)
pride of barbados/poinciana/bird of paradise
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11
Q

what is the MOA of triterpene acid?

A
  • liver damage and hepatogenic photosensitization
  • lantadene A and B cause damage of bile canaliculi membranes and cholestasis
  • decreased elimination of phylloerythrin –> photosensitization
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12
Q

what plants have triterpene acid?

A

lantana/yellow sage

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13
Q

what is the MOA of colchicine?

A
  • antimitotic by binding to tubulin and inhibiting spindle formation during cell division
  • rapidly dividing cells are more sensitive
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14
Q

what plants are in the colchicine alkaloid group?

A
  • autumn crocus/meadow saffron

- glory lily/climbing lily

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15
Q

what is the MOA of diterpene acids?

A
  • competitive blockade of the nicotinic receptors at the muscle endplate similar to curare
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16
Q

what plants are in the diterpene alkaloid group?

A

buttercup family

  • larkspur
  • monkshood
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17
Q

what is the MOA of ergot?

A
  • vasoconstriction and gangrene

- uterine contraction

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18
Q

what is the MOA of indolizidine alkaloids?

A
  • inhibit lysosomal enzymes essential for formation of glycoproteins
  • alteration of cellular function in the brain and many other organs
  • astragalus (locoweed) and oxytropis have nitropropanol glycoside and selenium –> peripheral neuronal degeneration and resp signs + hoof/hair abnormalities
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19
Q

what plants are indolizidine alkaloids?

A

locoweeds, milkvetches

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20
Q

what plants are lycorine alkaloids?

A
  • narcissus/daffodil
  • kaffir lily
  • spider lily
  • barbados lily
  • zephyr lily
  • river lily
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21
Q

what is the MOA of lycorine alkaloids?

A
  • emetic and purgative

- bulb is most toxic

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22
Q

what is the MOA of muscarinics?

A
  • stimulation of muscarinic cholinergic receptors

- CNS stimulation

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23
Q

what plants are muscarinics?

A

poisonous mushrooms

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24
Q

what is the MOA of piperidine alkaloids?

A
  • nicotinic effect starting with ganglionic and neuromuscular stimulation followed by ganglionic
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25
Q

what plants are piperidine alkaloids?

A
  • poison hemlock
  • lupines
  • tobacco
  • tree tobacco
  • coyote tobacco
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26
Q

what is the MOA of pyridine alkaloids?

A
  • nicotine and lobeline act on nicotine receptors at autonomic ganglia, neuromuscular junction and some synapses in the CNS
  • low doses cause depolarization
  • large doses cause blockade
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27
Q

what plants are pyridine alkaloids?

A

nightshade family

  • tobacco plant
  • tree tobacco
  • lobelia
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28
Q

what is the MOA of pyrrolizidine alkaloids?

A
  • hepatotoxic

- hepatoencephalopathy - CNS problems because of that and hepatic photosensitization

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29
Q

what plants are pyrrolizidine alkaloids?

A
  • rattlebox
  • senecio, groundsel, ragwort
  • heliotrope
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30
Q

what is the MOA of sloanine and solanidine alkaloids?

A
  • GI, CNS, resp, and cardiotoxic
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31
Q

what plants are solanina and solanidine alkaloids?

A
  • black nightshade
  • american nightshade
  • eggplant
  • tomato
  • turkey berry
  • chalice vine
  • chinese lantern
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32
Q

what is the MOA of taxine alkaloids?

A
  • cardiotoxic and GI
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33
Q

what plants are taxine alkaloids?

A

yew

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34
Q

what is the MOA of tropane alkaloids?

A
  • atropine, hyoscine, hyoscyamine
  • GI, CNS
  • all parts of plant toxic
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35
Q

what plants are tropane alkaloids?

A
  • jimsonweed, thornapple, angel’s trumpet
  • devil’s trumpet
  • henbane
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36
Q

what is the MOA of xanthine alkaloids?

A
  • block adenosine receptors

- inhibiting phosphodiesterase

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37
Q

what plants are xanthine alkaloids?

A
  • cocoa

- coffee (arabica)

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38
Q

what is the MOA of anthraquinones?

A
  • purgative
  • coffee weed has an unknown principle that causes skeletal and cardiac muscle degeneration and the urine may be coffee colored due to myoglobunuria and cause kidney damage
  • horses usually die from liver failure and not muscle degeneration
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39
Q

what plants are anthraquinones?

A
  • buckthorn
  • coffeeweed, senna
  • aloe
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40
Q

what is the MOA of calcinogenic glycosides?

A
  • vitamin D analog
  • hypercalcemia
  • calcification of the elastic tissues of the arteries, tendons, and ligaments as well as generalized increased density of the bones causing lameness
  • chronic effect usually in legs
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41
Q

what plants are calcinogenic glycosides?

A
  • day blooming jessamine

- turkey berry

42
Q

what is the MOA of carbocyatractylosides (sulfated glycosides)?

A
  • hepatotoxic
  • excessive salivation from mechanical injury to mouth
  • may be renal damage and hypoglycemia
43
Q

what plants are sulfated glycosides?

A

cocklebur

44
Q

what plants are cardiac glycosides?

A
  • foxglove
  • oleander
  • yellow oleander, lucky nut, be-still tree
  • periwinkle
  • desert rose
  • milkweed
45
Q

what is the MOA of cardiac glycosides?

A
  • cardiotoxic by inhibiting Na/K ATPase

- GI irritation

46
Q

what is the MOA of coumarin glycosides?

A
  • form dicoumarol in spoiled plants
  • hemorrhage due to antagonism of vit K by inhibiting vit K epoxide reductase resulting in deficiency of factors 10, 9, 7, 2
  • same as warfarin
47
Q

what plants are coumarin glycosides?

A

sweet clover

48
Q

what is the MOA of cyanogenic glycosides?

A
  • release HCN on hydrolysis in damaged plants
  • HCN is metabolized in the liver to thiocyanates
  • inhibition of cytochrome oxidase and inhibition of cellular respiration
  • vasoconstriction
  • inhibition of TCA cycle
  • MM irritation
  • neuronal degen and antithyroid effect with chronic poisoning
49
Q

what plants are cyanogenic glycosides?

A
  • wild cherries
  • johnsongrass, sudan grass sorghum
  • elderberry
50
Q

what is the MOA of cycasin?

A

three toxins

  • cycasin is a glycoside that causes GI irritation and liver damage and it is also teratogenic, mutagenic, and carcinogenic
  • BMAA is a neurotoxic amino acid
  • unknown toxin that may cause axonal degeneration in the CNS
51
Q

what plants are in the cycasin group?

A
  • sago palm
  • japanese cycad
  • cardboard palm
  • coontie
52
Q

what is the MOA of thiocyanate glycosides?

A
  • antithyroid
53
Q

what plants are thiocyanate glycosides?

A
  • rape seed
  • kale
  • broccoli
  • soybean
  • flax
54
Q

what is the MOA of nitropropanol glycosides?

A
  • inhibits enzymes of the TCA cycle and cellular oxidative phosphorylation
55
Q

what plants are nitropropanol glycosides?

A

milkvetch
violets
lotus
indigo

56
Q

what is the MOA of phytoestrogens?

A
  • bind to estrogen receptors causing infertility in females and males
57
Q

what plants are phytoestrogens?

A
  • white clover
  • subterranean clover
  • alfalfa
58
Q

what is the MOA of protoanemonin?

A
  • volatile oil released by hydrolysis of the glycoside

- causes severe irritation of GI mucosa and dermatitis

59
Q

what plants have protoanemonin?

A
  • buttercup family (ranunculus, anemone, clematis, helleborus)
60
Q

what is the MOA of ptaquiloside?

A
  • death of the precursor cells in the bone marrow causing aplastic anemia in cattle and sheep
  • neoplasm in the urinary tract causing enzootic bovine hematuria
  • tumors of the upper digestive tract and retinal degeneration in sheep (bright blindness)
61
Q

what plants are ptaquilosides?

A

bracken fern

62
Q

what is the MOA of steroidal saponins?

A

Lechuguilla, agave, nolina, pancium
- liver damage and inability to eliminate phylloerythrin –> hepatogenic photosensitization

dracaena and cordyline
- mainly GI irritation

63
Q

what plants are steroidal saponins?

A
  • agave
  • nolina
  • pancium
  • dracaena - song of india, dragon tree
64
Q

what is the MOA of gossypol?

A
  • cardiotoxic
  • secondary liver damage
  • binds to proteins, amino acids, iron
  • reduces male fertility by destroying seminiferous tubules
  • interferes with hemoglobin synthesis
65
Q

what plants are gossypol toxins?

A

cottonseed/wild cotton

66
Q

what is the MOA of molybdenum?

A

liver damage, hemolysis, methemoglobinemia

67
Q

what plants cause molybdenum tox?

A

clovers

68
Q

what is the MOA of selenium?

A
  • acute = GI irritation and resp signs

- chronic = hoof/hair abnormalities

69
Q

what plants cause selenium tox?

A
  • aster
  • woody aster
  • princess’s plume
  • milk vetch
  • paintbrush
  • saltbrush
70
Q

what is the MOA of nitrate?

A

acute

  • GI irritation
  • nitrite causes oxidation of ferrous iron of hemoglobin to ferric iron and formation of methemoglobin
  • resp insufficiency signs due to inability of the blood to carry pxygen
  • fetal methemoglobinemia and death causing abortion
  • chronic = abortion, decrease in progesterone
71
Q

what plants cause nitrate tox?

A
  • pigweed
  • oats
  • johnsongrass, sudan grass
  • corn
  • beet
  • lamb’s quarters
  • alfalfa
  • wheat
  • sunflower
72
Q

what is the MOA of dimethyl disulfide?

A
  • large amounts of dimethyl disulfide cause oxidation of RBCs to form heinz bodies
  • hemolytic anemia
73
Q

what plants cause dimethyl disulfide tox?

A
  • mustards
74
Q

what is the MOA of diterpene esters?

A
  • diterpenoid euphorbol esters cause direct irritation of the skin and MM
  • they activate protein kinase C resulting in cell damage and enzyme dysfunction
75
Q

what plants are diterpene esters?

A
  • candelabra cactus
  • snow on the mountain
  • christmas candle
  • chenille plant/cat tail
  • poinsettia
  • physic nut
  • coral tree
  • pencil tree
  • sandbox tree
  • manchineel
76
Q

what is the MOA of grayanotoxins?

A
  • bind to Na channels in excitable cells
  • increase permeability of Na ions and depolarization
  • irritation to GI
77
Q

what plants are grayanotoxins?

A
  • rhododendron
  • azalea
  • mountain/sheep laurel
78
Q

what is the MOA of lectins?

A
  • ricin and abrin are glycoproteins

- inhibit cellular protein synthesis resulting in cell death

79
Q

what plants are lectins?

A
  • castor bean
  • precatory bean
  • coral plant
  • sandbox tree
  • beans (soybean, kidney, navy)
80
Q

what is the MOA of meliatoxins?

A

enterotoxic

neurotoxic

81
Q

what plants are meliatoxins?

A
  • chinaberry
82
Q

what is the MOA of propyl disulfides?

A
  • disulfides produce oxygen free radicals which cause damage to RBC membranes and hemolysis
  • free radicals also cause degeneration of hemoglobin resulting in heinz bodies
83
Q

what plants cause propyl disulfide tox?

A

onion, garlic, shallots, chives, leek

84
Q

what is the MOA of tetradymol?

A
  • sagebrush causes induction of microsomal enzymes
  • tetradymol from horsebrush causes liver damage that decreased elimination of phylloerythrin
  • causes hepatogenic photosensitization in white skin
85
Q

what plants cause tetradymol tox/

A

horsebrush (sunflower fam)

86
Q

what is the MOA of thiaminase?

A
  • destroys thiamine in the diet and produces signs of vitB1 deficiency in monogastrics - neurotoxic
87
Q

what plants cause thiaminase tox?

A
  • horsetail

- bracken fern

88
Q

what is the MOA of triterpenoid saponins?

A

direct irritation of GIT

89
Q

what plants are triterpenoid saponins?

A
  • alfalfa
  • holly
  • ginseng (english ivy/common ivy)
  • pokeweed
90
Q

what is the MOA of resins?

A

irritation of nervous of muscle tissue

91
Q

what plants cause resin tox?

A
  • milkweeds
  • marijuana
  • chinaberry
92
Q

what is the MOA of alsike and red clover tox?

A
  • hepatotoxicity and secondary photosensitization in horses only
  • hepatic encephalopathy at a large dose
93
Q

what is the MOA of avocado tox?

A
  • cardiotoxic in goats, horses, rabbits, caged birds
  • noninfectious mastitis and agalactica in cattle, horses, goats, rabbits
  • dogs get GI tox
94
Q

what is the MOA of black walnut tox?

A
  • ingestion of fresh shavings made from heartwood causes laminitis
95
Q

what plants cause forage induced photosensitization?

A
  • moldy alfalfa
  • red clover
  • moldy wheat
96
Q

what lilies are toxic?

A
  • easter
  • tiger
  • japanese show
  • rubrum
  • day
97
Q

what is the MOA of lily tox?

A
  • unknown toxin causes nephrotoxicity only in cats
  • GI irritation in cats and dogs
  • two leaves cause poisoning in cats
98
Q

what is the MOA of pigweed??

A
  • acute nitrate poisoning causes methemoglobinemia
  • chronic can cause abortion
  • soluble oxalates cause hypocalcemia and kidney damage
  • an unknown toxin that causes renal tubular nephrosis in ruminants, pigs, horses
99
Q

what is the MOA of red maple?

A
  • an unknown toxin in dried leaves causes hemolytic anemia, hemoglobinemia, and heinz bodies in horses
  • may be due to oxidation of the membranes of RBCs and hemolysis
  • oxidized hemoglobin forms heinz bodies that damage cell membranes
100
Q

what is the MOA of senna (coffee senna and sicklepod)?

A
  • unknown myotoxin causes skeletal muscle myopathy and cardiomyopathy
  • seeds are most toxic
  • anthraquinone glycoside is cathartic
  • can cause diarrhea and coffee colored urine
101
Q

what is the MOA of yellow starthistle and russian knappweed?

A
  • disease in horses is called equine nigropallidal encephalomalacia or chewing disease
  • toxins interact with dopamine transporte resulting in death of dopaminergic neurons in the brain

Toxicology (12 decks)

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