Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Toxicology > Plant toxic principles > Flashcards

Plant toxic principles Flashcards

1
Q

what is the MOA of insoluble calcium oxalates?

A
  • all parts of plant toxic
  • needle shaped crystals that penetrate the oral mucosa, tongue, and throat causing irriattion
  • some species produce proteolytic enzymes that cause the release of histamine and kinins –> more mechanical damage
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what plants are insoluble calcium oxalates?

A 
chinese evergreen
elephant's ear
flamingo plant
caladium
dumbane
pothos, devil's ivy
philodendron, swiss cheese plant
peace lily
arrowhead vine
calla lily
umbrella tree
fishtail palm
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what is the MOA of soluble oxalates?

A

hypocalcemia and precipitation of insoluble calcium oxalates in soft tissus and kidney damage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what plants are soluble oxalates?

A 
halogeton
pigweed
beet
greasewood
lamb's quarters
rhubarb
sorrel and soursop
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what is the MOA of isocupressic acid?

A

vasoconstriction and decrease in uterine blood flow that stimulates release of fetal cortisol and abortion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what plants have isocupressic acid?

A

ponderosa pine

monterey cypress

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what is the MOA of quinones?

A

primary photosensitization

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what plants are quinones?

A

st. john’s wort

buckwheat

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what is the MOA of tannic acid?

A
  • tissue damage including GI lesions and kidney damage
  • mainly GI lesions and kidney damage in ruminants
  • mainly GI lesions in monogastrics
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what plants have tannic acid?

A 
oak tree (red, white)
pride of barbados/poinciana/bird of paradise
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what is the MOA of triterpene acid?

A
  • liver damage and hepatogenic photosensitization
  • lantadene A and B cause damage of bile canaliculi membranes and cholestasis
  • decreased elimination of phylloerythrin –> photosensitization
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what plants have triterpene acid?

A

lantana/yellow sage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what is the MOA of colchicine?

A
  • antimitotic by binding to tubulin and inhibiting spindle formation during cell division
  • rapidly dividing cells are more sensitive
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what plants are in the colchicine alkaloid group?

A
  • autumn crocus/meadow saffron

- glory lily/climbing lily

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what is the MOA of diterpene acids?

A
  • competitive blockade of the nicotinic receptors at the muscle endplate similar to curare
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what plants are in the diterpene alkaloid group?

A

buttercup family

  • larkspur
  • monkshood
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what is the MOA of ergot?

A
  • vasoconstriction and gangrene

- uterine contraction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what is the MOA of indolizidine alkaloids?

A
  • inhibit lysosomal enzymes essential for formation of glycoproteins
  • alteration of cellular function in the brain and many other organs
  • astragalus (locoweed) and oxytropis have nitropropanol glycoside and selenium –> peripheral neuronal degeneration and resp signs + hoof/hair abnormalities
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what plants are indolizidine alkaloids?

A

locoweeds, milkvetches

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what plants are lycorine alkaloids?

A
  • narcissus/daffodil
  • kaffir lily
  • spider lily
  • barbados lily
  • zephyr lily
  • river lily
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what is the MOA of lycorine alkaloids?

A
  • emetic and purgative

- bulb is most toxic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what is the MOA of muscarinics?

A
  • stimulation of muscarinic cholinergic receptors

- CNS stimulation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

what plants are muscarinics?

A

poisonous mushrooms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

what is the MOA of piperidine alkaloids?

A
  • nicotinic effect starting with ganglionic and neuromuscular stimulation followed by ganglionic
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

what plants are piperidine alkaloids?

A
  • poison hemlock
  • lupines
  • tobacco
  • tree tobacco
  • coyote tobacco
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

what is the MOA of pyridine alkaloids?

A
  • nicotine and lobeline act on nicotine receptors at autonomic ganglia, neuromuscular junction and some synapses in the CNS
  • low doses cause depolarization
  • large doses cause blockade
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

what plants are pyridine alkaloids?

A

nightshade family

  • tobacco plant
  • tree tobacco
  • lobelia
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

what is the MOA of pyrrolizidine alkaloids?

A
  • hepatotoxic

- hepatoencephalopathy - CNS problems because of that and hepatic photosensitization

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

what plants are pyrrolizidine alkaloids?

A
  • rattlebox
  • senecio, groundsel, ragwort
  • heliotrope
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

what is the MOA of sloanine and solanidine alkaloids?

A
  • GI, CNS, resp, and cardiotoxic
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

what plants are solanina and solanidine alkaloids?

A
  • black nightshade
  • american nightshade
  • eggplant
  • tomato
  • turkey berry
  • chalice vine
  • chinese lantern
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

what is the MOA of taxine alkaloids?

A
  • cardiotoxic and GI
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

what plants are taxine alkaloids?

A

yew

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

what is the MOA of tropane alkaloids?

A
  • atropine, hyoscine, hyoscyamine
  • GI, CNS
  • all parts of plant toxic
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

what plants are tropane alkaloids?

A
  • jimsonweed, thornapple, angel’s trumpet
  • devil’s trumpet
  • henbane
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

what is the MOA of xanthine alkaloids?

A
  • block adenosine receptors

- inhibiting phosphodiesterase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

what plants are xanthine alkaloids?

A
  • cocoa

- coffee (arabica)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

what is the MOA of anthraquinones?

A
  • purgative
  • coffee weed has an unknown principle that causes skeletal and cardiac muscle degeneration and the urine may be coffee colored due to myoglobunuria and cause kidney damage
  • horses usually die from liver failure and not muscle degeneration
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

what plants are anthraquinones?

A
  • buckthorn
  • coffeeweed, senna
  • aloe
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

what is the MOA of calcinogenic glycosides?

A
  • vitamin D analog
  • hypercalcemia
  • calcification of the elastic tissues of the arteries, tendons, and ligaments as well as generalized increased density of the bones causing lameness
  • chronic effect usually in legs
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

what plants are calcinogenic glycosides?

A
  • day blooming jessamine

- turkey berry

42
Q

what is the MOA of carbocyatractylosides (sulfated glycosides)?

A
  • hepatotoxic
  • excessive salivation from mechanical injury to mouth
  • may be renal damage and hypoglycemia
43
Q

what plants are sulfated glycosides?

44
Q

what plants are cardiac glycosides?

A
  • foxglove
  • oleander
  • yellow oleander, lucky nut, be-still tree
  • periwinkle
  • desert rose
  • milkweed
45
Q

what is the MOA of cardiac glycosides?

A
  • cardiotoxic by inhibiting Na/K ATPase

- GI irritation

46
Q

what is the MOA of coumarin glycosides?

A
  • form dicoumarol in spoiled plants
  • hemorrhage due to antagonism of vit K by inhibiting vit K epoxide reductase resulting in deficiency of factors 10, 9, 7, 2
  • same as warfarin
47
Q

what plants are coumarin glycosides?

A

sweet clover

48
Q

what is the MOA of cyanogenic glycosides?

A
  • release HCN on hydrolysis in damaged plants
  • HCN is metabolized in the liver to thiocyanates
  • inhibition of cytochrome oxidase and inhibition of cellular respiration
  • vasoconstriction
  • inhibition of TCA cycle
  • MM irritation
  • neuronal degen and antithyroid effect with chronic poisoning
49
Q

what plants are cyanogenic glycosides?

A
  • wild cherries
  • johnsongrass, sudan grass sorghum
  • elderberry
50
Q

what is the MOA of cycasin?

A

three toxins

  • cycasin is a glycoside that causes GI irritation and liver damage and it is also teratogenic, mutagenic, and carcinogenic
  • BMAA is a neurotoxic amino acid
  • unknown toxin that may cause axonal degeneration in the CNS
51
Q

what plants are in the cycasin group?

A
  • sago palm
  • japanese cycad
  • cardboard palm
  • coontie
52
Q

what is the MOA of thiocyanate glycosides?

A
  • antithyroid
53
Q

what plants are thiocyanate glycosides?

A
  • rape seed
  • kale
  • broccoli
  • soybean
  • flax
54
Q

what is the MOA of nitropropanol glycosides?

A
  • inhibits enzymes of the TCA cycle and cellular oxidative phosphorylation
55
Q

what plants are nitropropanol glycosides?

A

milkvetch
violets
lotus
indigo

56
Q

what is the MOA of phytoestrogens?

A
  • bind to estrogen receptors causing infertility in females and males
57
Q

what plants are phytoestrogens?

A
  • white clover
  • subterranean clover
  • alfalfa
58
Q

what is the MOA of protoanemonin?

A
  • volatile oil released by hydrolysis of the glycoside

- causes severe irritation of GI mucosa and dermatitis

59
Q

what plants have protoanemonin?

A
  • buttercup family (ranunculus, anemone, clematis, helleborus)
60
Q

what is the MOA of ptaquiloside?

A
  • death of the precursor cells in the bone marrow causing aplastic anemia in cattle and sheep
  • neoplasm in the urinary tract causing enzootic bovine hematuria
  • tumors of the upper digestive tract and retinal degeneration in sheep (bright blindness)
61
Q

what plants are ptaquilosides?

A

bracken fern

62
Q

what is the MOA of steroidal saponins?

A

Lechuguilla, agave, nolina, pancium
- liver damage and inability to eliminate phylloerythrin –> hepatogenic photosensitization

dracaena and cordyline
- mainly GI irritation

63
Q

what plants are steroidal saponins?

A
  • agave
  • nolina
  • pancium
  • dracaena - song of india, dragon tree
64
Q

what is the MOA of gossypol?

A
  • cardiotoxic
  • secondary liver damage
  • binds to proteins, amino acids, iron
  • reduces male fertility by destroying seminiferous tubules
  • interferes with hemoglobin synthesis
65
Q

what plants are gossypol toxins?

A

cottonseed/wild cotton

66
Q

what is the MOA of molybdenum?

A

liver damage, hemolysis, methemoglobinemia

67
Q

what plants cause molybdenum tox?

68
Q

what is the MOA of selenium?

A
  • acute = GI irritation and resp signs

- chronic = hoof/hair abnormalities

69
Q

what plants cause selenium tox?

A
  • aster
  • woody aster
  • princess’s plume
  • milk vetch
  • paintbrush
  • saltbrush
70
Q

what is the MOA of nitrate?

A

acute

  • GI irritation
  • nitrite causes oxidation of ferrous iron of hemoglobin to ferric iron and formation of methemoglobin
  • resp insufficiency signs due to inability of the blood to carry pxygen
  • fetal methemoglobinemia and death causing abortion
  • chronic = abortion, decrease in progesterone
71
Q

what plants cause nitrate tox?

A
  • pigweed
  • oats
  • johnsongrass, sudan grass
  • corn
  • beet
  • lamb’s quarters
  • alfalfa
  • wheat
  • sunflower
72
Q

what is the MOA of dimethyl disulfide?

A
  • large amounts of dimethyl disulfide cause oxidation of RBCs to form heinz bodies
  • hemolytic anemia
73
Q

what plants cause dimethyl disulfide tox?

74
Q

what is the MOA of diterpene esters?

A
  • diterpenoid euphorbol esters cause direct irritation of the skin and MM
  • they activate protein kinase C resulting in cell damage and enzyme dysfunction
75
Q

what plants are diterpene esters?

A
  • candelabra cactus
  • snow on the mountain
  • christmas candle
  • chenille plant/cat tail
  • poinsettia
  • physic nut
  • coral tree
  • pencil tree
  • sandbox tree
  • manchineel
76
Q

what is the MOA of grayanotoxins?

A
  • bind to Na channels in excitable cells
  • increase permeability of Na ions and depolarization
  • irritation to GI
77
Q

what plants are grayanotoxins?

A
  • rhododendron
  • azalea
  • mountain/sheep laurel
78
Q

what is the MOA of lectins?

A
  • ricin and abrin are glycoproteins

- inhibit cellular protein synthesis resulting in cell death

79
Q

what plants are lectins?

A
  • castor bean
  • precatory bean
  • coral plant
  • sandbox tree
  • beans (soybean, kidney, navy)
80
Q

what is the MOA of meliatoxins?

A

enterotoxic

neurotoxic

81
Q

what plants are meliatoxins?

A
  • chinaberry
82
Q

what is the MOA of propyl disulfides?

A
  • disulfides produce oxygen free radicals which cause damage to RBC membranes and hemolysis
  • free radicals also cause degeneration of hemoglobin resulting in heinz bodies
83
Q

what plants cause propyl disulfide tox?

A

onion, garlic, shallots, chives, leek

84
Q

what is the MOA of tetradymol?

A
  • sagebrush causes induction of microsomal enzymes
  • tetradymol from horsebrush causes liver damage that decreased elimination of phylloerythrin
  • causes hepatogenic photosensitization in white skin
85
Q

what plants cause tetradymol tox/

A

horsebrush (sunflower fam)

86
Q

what is the MOA of thiaminase?

A
  • destroys thiamine in the diet and produces signs of vitB1 deficiency in monogastrics - neurotoxic
87
Q

what plants cause thiaminase tox?

A
  • horsetail

- bracken fern

88
Q

what is the MOA of triterpenoid saponins?

A

direct irritation of GIT

89
Q

what plants are triterpenoid saponins?

A
  • alfalfa
  • holly
  • ginseng (english ivy/common ivy)
  • pokeweed
90
Q

what is the MOA of resins?

A

irritation of nervous of muscle tissue

91
Q

what plants cause resin tox?

A
  • milkweeds
  • marijuana
  • chinaberry
92
Q

what is the MOA of alsike and red clover tox?

A
  • hepatotoxicity and secondary photosensitization in horses only
  • hepatic encephalopathy at a large dose
93
Q

what is the MOA of avocado tox?

A
  • cardiotoxic in goats, horses, rabbits, caged birds
  • noninfectious mastitis and agalactica in cattle, horses, goats, rabbits
  • dogs get GI tox
94
Q

what is the MOA of black walnut tox?

A
  • ingestion of fresh shavings made from heartwood causes laminitis
95
Q

what plants cause forage induced photosensitization?

A
  • moldy alfalfa
  • red clover
  • moldy wheat
96
Q

what lilies are toxic?

A
  • easter
  • tiger
  • japanese show
  • rubrum
  • day
97
Q

what is the MOA of lily tox?

A
  • unknown toxin causes nephrotoxicity only in cats
  • GI irritation in cats and dogs
  • two leaves cause poisoning in cats
98
Q

what is the MOA of pigweed??

A
  • acute nitrate poisoning causes methemoglobinemia
  • chronic can cause abortion
  • soluble oxalates cause hypocalcemia and kidney damage
  • an unknown toxin that causes renal tubular nephrosis in ruminants, pigs, horses
99
Q

what is the MOA of red maple?

A
  • an unknown toxin in dried leaves causes hemolytic anemia, hemoglobinemia, and heinz bodies in horses
  • may be due to oxidation of the membranes of RBCs and hemolysis
  • oxidized hemoglobin forms heinz bodies that damage cell membranes
100
Q

what is the MOA of senna (coffee senna and sicklepod)?

A
  • unknown myotoxin causes skeletal muscle myopathy and cardiomyopathy
  • seeds are most toxic
  • anthraquinone glycoside is cathartic
  • can cause diarrhea and coffee colored urine
101
Q

what is the MOA of yellow starthistle and russian knappweed?

A
  • disease in horses is called equine nigropallidal encephalomalacia or chewing disease
  • toxins interact with dopamine transporte resulting in death of dopaminergic neurons in the brain

Toxicology (12 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions