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Toxicology > D-limonene/Metaldehyde > Flashcards

D-limonene/Metaldehyde Flashcards

1
Q

what are the CS associated with EO overexposure?

A
  • unsteadiness
  • depression
  • low body temp (in severe cases)
  • vomiting
  • diarrhea
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2
Q

what are the characteristics of D-Limonene?

A
  • cyclic monoterpene hydrocarbon
  • clear, colorless
  • volatile
  • lipophilic
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3
Q

what are the sources of exposure for D-Limonene?

A
  1. botanical insecticide
    - 5% d-limonene - controls lice, fleas, ticks
  2. botanical herbicide
    - 70% d-limonene - broad spectrum weed killer
  3. biodegradeable cleaning agents and solvents
    - up to 100% d-limonene defatting and degreasing
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4
Q

what percentage of D-limonene is considered safe in a product?

A

1-5%

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5
Q

what are the toxicokinetics of D-limonene?

A
  • lipid soluble
  • readily absorbed through skin and GIT
  • maximal blood concentrations 10 mins after dermal exposure
  • metabolized by liver and excreted in urine
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6
Q

what is the MOA of D-limonene?

A

unknown

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7
Q

what CS do we see with d-limonene toxicity?

A
  • ataxia
  • weakness
  • recumbency
  • paralysis
  • CNS depression
  • hypothermia
  • hypotension
  • skin reaction
  • smells like lemons
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8
Q

how do we treat D-limonene toxicity?

A
  • decontaminate with shampoo and mild dish soap
  • monitor temp
  • other supportive care
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9
Q

what is the most common type of molluscicide used?

A

metaldehyde

  • other types are ACh-esterase inhibitors (OPs), metal salts, and methiocarb (banned in 2014)
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10
Q

when using a molluscicide what is mollusk death due to?

A
  • excessive mucus, dehydration, cell damage
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11
Q

what are the main properties of metaldehyde?

A
  • restricted use
  • polymer of acetylaldehyde
  • highly flammable
  • hydrophobic
  • short soil half life
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12
Q

how are animals exposed to metaldehyde?

A
  • ingestion of bait most common
  • brightly colored and flavored –> dogs want to eat it
  • sometimes malicious poisoning
  • snail baits often mixed with tasty items that would attract other species by accident
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13
Q

what are the common routes of exposure for metaldehyde?

A
  • inhalation = most toxic
  • dermal = least toxic
  • ingestion = most common and intermediate toxic
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14
Q

what are the toxicokinetics of metaldehyde?

A
  • once ingested, undergoes GIT acid hydrolysis to acetaldehyde
  • readily absorbed as wither metaldehyde or acetaldehyde
  • both cross BBB (neurotox)
  • rapidly metabolozed by liver by P450
  • undergo enterohepatic recirculation (prolongs tox)
  • enzyme inducers may decrease tox
  • excreted in urine
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15
Q

what is the MOA of metaldehyde?

A
  • decreased brain GABA -> neuro stimulation
  • increased monoamine oxidase - decreased brain serotonin and NE –> reduced seizure threshold
  • increased neuromuscular activity and production of metaldehyde metabolites –> metabolic acidosis, hyperthermia
  • death from resp failure (acute) or liver failure (chronic)
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16
Q

what are the main CS with metaldehyde toxicity?

A
  • acute neuro manifestations within 1-3hr after ingestion
  • initial onset: severe muscle tremors, salivation, ataxia, tachycardia, hyperthermia
  • progression into acidosis: V, D, depression, tonic convulsions that are unresponsive to ext stimuli
  • seizures eventually lead to CNS depression, resp failure, and death within 4-24hrs
17
Q

what are the lesions associated with metaldehyde poisoning?

A
  • acute: nothing specific
  • stomach contents will have a specific apple cider odor
  • petechiae/ecchymoses in GIT
  • congestion, edema, hemorrhage in lungs, liver, kidneys
  • longer survival may result in degenerative changes in liver and brain (ganglion cells)
18
Q

how do we treat metaldehyde poisoning?

A
  • no specific antidote
  • decontaminate
  • emetics
  • gastric lavage
  • activated charcoal
  • enemas
  • fluids to address metabolic acidosis
  • treat seizures
  • muscle relaxants
19
Q

what is the problem with some barbiturates when treating metaldehyde?

A
  • some barbs (pento) can interfere with metabolism of acealdehyde and cause displacement from protein binding sites
  • BUT phenobarb can help accelerate elimination of the toxin!
20
Q

what is the LEAST accurate answer following acute exposure to metaldehyde?

  • increase GABA
  • increased monoamine oxidase
  • decreased serotonin
  • decreased NE
A

increased GABA

Toxicology (12 decks)

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