exam 2 Dx Flashcards
1
Q
how do we diagnose 2,4-D toxicity?
A
- GI damage and degeneration of kidneys and liver
- rumen stasis
- increased ALP, LDH, CK
- history of ingestion
2
Q
how so we diagnose paraquat/diquat toxicity?
A
- pulmonary congestion, hemorrhage, fibrosis, failure of lungs to collapse
- lingual ulcers
- liver, kidney, spleen may be congested and enlarged
3
Q
how to we diagnose PCP tox?
A
- rapid rigor mortis, local irritation of skin and MM, pulmonary congestion and edema, degenerative changes in liver
- dark blood (oxygen deprivation)
- hyperkeratosis and villous like hyperplasia in UB mucosa in chronic cases
- blood and urine antemortem
- kidney and skin postmortem
4
Q
how do we diagnose organic arsenic tox?
A
- chemical analysis - specimens are suspected in feed, liver, and kidney
- history of exposure, microscopic peripheral nerve demyelination and chem analysis
5
Q
how do we diagnose inorganic arsenic tox?
A
- urine is best antemortem
- liver and kidney best post mortem
- GI contents, vomitus, feces, milk, and suspected source
- normal tissue residues are 0.5ppm
more than 7-10ppm in kidney or liver is strong indication - increased PCV and BUN
6
Q
how do we diagnose copper tox?
A
- chem - increased serum or WB, increased liver and kidney Cu, increased liver enzymes
- Hx, sudden onset of hemoglobinuria, jaundice, signs of shock, resp insufficiency, lesions of hemolysis
7
Q
how do we diagnose molybdenum tox?
A
- increased Mo in blood and liver
- decreased Cu in blood and liver
- decreased cytochrome oxidase activity
8
Q
how do we diagnose selenium tox?
A
- increased Se (>2ppm in acute, >5ppm in chronic)
- acute - blood, kidney, liver
- chronic - hair and hoof
- blood of plasma glutathione peroxidase activity correlates with blood Se in cattle, sheep, and pig, but NOT in horses
9
Q
how do we diagnose lead tox?
A
• Pb toxicity should always be considered a differential with unexplained GI signs and abdominal pain, especially in cats and dog
- Radiography: metaphyseal sclerosis in young animals with chronic toxicosis
- Pb accumulation in active bone matrix (competes with Ca2+), metaphyses sclerosis looks denser (more white) on X-rays – PB LINES (do not represent Pb deposits in the bone)
10
Q
how do we diagnose zinc tox?
A
- Chemical analysis – serum, liver, kidney, pancreas and urine - Use trace element tubes for analysis (to avoid contamination with zn stearate)
- Hemolytic A+ , icterus and hemoglobinuria
- Azotemia, increased Crea and increased Phos
- decreased Cu in liver in chronic toxicosis
11
Q
how do we diagnose iron tox?
A
- increased serum iron
- increased PCV
- acidosis
- hemoglobinuria
- abdominal rads
12
Q
how do we diagnose NPN tox?
A
- analysis of feed for urea content
- analysis of ammonia in whole blood, rumen fluid, and vitreous fluid
- elevated rumen pH
13
Q
how do we diagnose ionophore tox?
A
- chem analysis of feed, GI, liver, feces
- increased CK and AST (muscle necrosis)
- increased PCV
- decreased serum Ca and K
14
Q
how do we diagnose anticoagulant rodenticide tox?
A
- prolonged ACT, PT, aPTT, PIVKA
- anemia, thrombocytopenia, hypoproteinemia
15
Q
how do we diagnose cholecalciferol tox?
A
- increase in calcidiol or Ca levels in kidney and bile
- increased Ca, phos, and decreased PTH
- azotemia, proteinuria, glucosuria
