exam 2 Dx Flashcards
how do we diagnose 2,4-D toxicity?
- GI damage and degeneration of kidneys and liver
- rumen stasis
- increased ALP, LDH, CK
- history of ingestion
how so we diagnose paraquat/diquat toxicity?
- pulmonary congestion, hemorrhage, fibrosis, failure of lungs to collapse
- lingual ulcers
- liver, kidney, spleen may be congested and enlarged
how to we diagnose PCP tox?
- rapid rigor mortis, local irritation of skin and MM, pulmonary congestion and edema, degenerative changes in liver
- dark blood (oxygen deprivation)
- hyperkeratosis and villous like hyperplasia in UB mucosa in chronic cases
- blood and urine antemortem
- kidney and skin postmortem
how do we diagnose organic arsenic tox?
- chemical analysis - specimens are suspected in feed, liver, and kidney
- history of exposure, microscopic peripheral nerve demyelination and chem analysis
how do we diagnose inorganic arsenic tox?
- urine is best antemortem
- liver and kidney best post mortem
- GI contents, vomitus, feces, milk, and suspected source
- normal tissue residues are 0.5ppm
more than 7-10ppm in kidney or liver is strong indication - increased PCV and BUN
how do we diagnose copper tox?
- chem - increased serum or WB, increased liver and kidney Cu, increased liver enzymes
- Hx, sudden onset of hemoglobinuria, jaundice, signs of shock, resp insufficiency, lesions of hemolysis
how do we diagnose molybdenum tox?
- increased Mo in blood and liver
- decreased Cu in blood and liver
- decreased cytochrome oxidase activity
how do we diagnose selenium tox?
- increased Se (>2ppm in acute, >5ppm in chronic)
- acute - blood, kidney, liver
- chronic - hair and hoof
- blood of plasma glutathione peroxidase activity correlates with blood Se in cattle, sheep, and pig, but NOT in horses
how do we diagnose lead tox?
• Pb toxicity should always be considered a differential with unexplained GI signs and abdominal pain, especially in cats and dog
- Radiography: metaphyseal sclerosis in young animals with chronic toxicosis
- Pb accumulation in active bone matrix (competes with Ca2+), metaphyses sclerosis looks denser (more white) on X-rays – PB LINES (do not represent Pb deposits in the bone)
how do we diagnose zinc tox?
- Chemical analysis – serum, liver, kidney, pancreas and urine - Use trace element tubes for analysis (to avoid contamination with zn stearate)
- Hemolytic A+ , icterus and hemoglobinuria
- Azotemia, increased Crea and increased Phos
- decreased Cu in liver in chronic toxicosis
how do we diagnose iron tox?
- increased serum iron
- increased PCV
- acidosis
- hemoglobinuria
- abdominal rads
how do we diagnose NPN tox?
- analysis of feed for urea content
- analysis of ammonia in whole blood, rumen fluid, and vitreous fluid
- elevated rumen pH
how do we diagnose ionophore tox?
- chem analysis of feed, GI, liver, feces
- increased CK and AST (muscle necrosis)
- increased PCV
- decreased serum Ca and K
how do we diagnose anticoagulant rodenticide tox?
- prolonged ACT, PT, aPTT, PIVKA
- anemia, thrombocytopenia, hypoproteinemia
how do we diagnose cholecalciferol tox?
- increase in calcidiol or Ca levels in kidney and bile
- increased Ca, phos, and decreased PTH
- azotemia, proteinuria, glucosuria
how do we diagnose bromethalin tox?
- bait, stomach, vomitus antemortem
- fat, liver, kidney, brain post mortem
- EEG changes and CSF pressures
- rule out strychnine and metaldehyde
how do we diagnose strychnine tox?
- stomach contents, bait, serum, urine
- liver and stomach post mortem
how do we diagnose zinc phosphide tox?
- metabolic acidosis, dehydration, hypoCa, increased serum Zn
- chem analysis: stomach contents, vomitus, bait - FREEZE ASAP
how do we diagnose fluoroacetate (1080) tox?
- chem analysis on GIT contents
- increased citrate levels in heart, kidney, blood
how do we diagnose ethanol/methanol tox?
- blood alcohol levels
- decreased blood glucose
- CS, alcohol odor
how do we diagnose propylene glycol tox?
- metabolic acidosis, hyperosmolarity
- INCREASED ANION GAP
- decreased USG
- heinz bodies in cats
how do we diagnose ethylene glycol tox?
- increased anion gap!
- decreased USG
- decreased blood pH
- azotemia
- increased PCV, TP
- examine mouth with wood’s lamp - fluorescein in antifreeze will glow
