Plant Tissues and the Multicellular Plant Body

Question 1

this system is generally underground

Answer 1

root system

Question 2

aerial portion

Answer 2

shoot system

Question 3

consists of a vertical stem bearing leaves
and, in flowering plants, flowers and fruits that contain seeds.

Answer 3

shoot system

Question 4

branch extensively through the soil, forming a network that anchors the plant firmly in place and absorbs water and dissolved minerals from the soil.

Answer 4

Roots

Question 5

the flattened organs for photosynthesis

Answer 5

Leaves

Question 6

are attached regularly on the stem, where they absorb the sunlight and atmospheric CO2 used in photosynthesis to produce carbohydrates.

Answer 6

Leaves

Question 7

Plants are either

Answer 7

herbaceous or woody

Question 8

theydo not develop persistent woody parts above ground.

Answer 8

Herbaceous plants

Question 9

develop persistent woody parts
above ground.

Answer 9

Woody plants

Question 10

what kind of plants are trees and shrubs

Answer 10

Woody plants

Question 11

example of aerial part of plants

Answer 11

(stems and leaves)

Question 12

during what climate does the aerial parts of herbaceous plants die back to the ground at the end of
the growing season.

Answer 12

temperate climates

Question 13

during temperate climates the aerial stemsof woody plants, do they persist or die?

Answer 13

persist

Question 14

plants (such as corn, geranium, and marigold) that
grow, reproduce, and die in 1 year or season.

Answer 14

Annuals

Question 15

herbaceous plants examples

Answer 15

corn, geranium, and marigold

Question 16

Annual plants example

Answer 16

carrot, cabbage, and Queen
Anne’s lace

Question 17

these plants take 2 years to complete their life cycles

Answer 17

Biennials

Question 18

these plants are woody or herbaceous plants that live for more than 2 years.

Answer 18

Perennials

Question 19

All woody plants are

Answer 19

perennials

Question 20

is the basic structural and functional unit of plants.

Answer 20

cell

Question 21

is a group of cells that forms a structural and functional unit

Answer 21

tissue

Question 22

2 classification of tissues

Answer 22

simple tissues
complex tissues

Question 23

are composed of only one kind of cell

Answer 23

simple tissues

Question 24

have two or more kinds of cells.

Answer 24

complex tissues

Question 25

what plant has tissues are organized into three tissue systems,

Answer 25

vascular plants

Question 26

3 types of tissue system

Answer 26

Ground tissue system
vascular tissue system
dermal tissue system

Question 27

has a variety of functions, including photosynthesis, storage, and support.

Answer 27

Ground tissue system

Question 28

an intricate plumbing system that extends
throughout the plant body, conducts various substances, including water, dissolved minerals, and food (dissolved sugar).

Answer 28

vascular tissue system

Question 29

covers the plant body

Answer 29

dermal tissue system

Question 30

Roots, stems, leaves, flower parts, and fruits are referred to as

Answer 30

organs

Question 31

it is when a part composes of all three tissue systems

Answer 31

organs

Question 32

they form an interconnected
network throughout the plant.

Answer 32

tissue systems

Question 33

three tissues of herbaceous plants:

Answer 33

Parenchyma,
Collenchyma, and
Sclerenchyma.

Question 34

growing cell secretes a thin

Answer 34

primary cell wall,

Question 35

it stretches and
expands as the cell increases in size.

Answer 35

primary cell wall

Question 36

After the cell stops growing, it sometimes secretes a thick, strong —-

Answer 36

secondary cell wall

Question 37

it is deposited inside the primary cell wall—that
is, between the primary cell wall and the plasma membrane.

Answer 37

secondary cell wall

Question 38

a simple tissue composed of parenchyma cells

Answer 38

Parenchyma tissue

Question 39

is found throughout the plant body and is the most common type of cell and tissue.

Answer 39

parenchyma

Question 40

functions in photosynthesis contain chloroplasts, whereas
non-photosynthetic parenchyma cells lack chloroplasts.

Answer 40

Parenchyma cells

Question 41

have the ability to differentiate into other kinds of cells,
particularly when a plant is injured.

Answer 41

Parenchyma cells

Question 42

(water-conducting cells)

Answer 42

xylem

Question 43

if xylem is severed, these cells may divide and differentiate into new xylem cells within a few days.

Answer 43

Parenchyma cells

Question 44

have unevenly thickened primary cell walls

Answer 44

Collenchyma cells

Question 45

a simple tissue composed of collenchyma cells

Answer 45

Collenchyma tissue

Question 46

is a flexible tissue that provides much of the support in soft, non woody plant organs.

Answer 46

Collenchyma tissue

Question 47

are usually elongated

Answer 47

Collenchyma cells

Question 48

Their primary cell walls are unevenly thickened and are especially thick in the corners.

Answer 48

Collenchyma cells

Question 49

is not found uniformly throughout the plant and often occurs as
long strands near stem surfaces and along leaf veins.

Answer 49

Collenchyma

Question 50

The “strings” in a celery stalk (petiole), for example, consist of

Answer 50

collenchyma

Question 51

both primary cell walls and thick secondary cell walls

Answer 51

Sclerenchyma cells

Question 52

the secondary cell walls of —– become strong and hard due
to extreme thickening.

Answer 52

sclerenchyma cells

Question 53

these cells are often dead.

Answer 53

sclerenchyma cells

Question 54

when do sclerenchyma cells often die

Answer 54

at functional maturity

Question 55

may occur in several areas of the plant body.

Answer 55

Sclerenchyma tissue

Question 56

2 types of Sclerenchyma cells

Answer 56

Sclereids
Fibers

Question 57

short cells that are variable in shape

Answer 57

Sclereids

Question 58

are common in the shells of nuts and the stones of fruits, such as cherries and peaches

Answer 58

Sclereids

Question 59

long, tapered cells that often occur in groups or clumps,
are particularly abundant in the wood, inner bark, and leaf ribs (veins) of flowering plants.

Answer 59

Fibers

Question 60

which is embedded in the ground tissue, transports
needed materials throughout the plant via two complex tissues

Answer 60

vascular tissue system

Question 61

two complex tissues in the vascular tissue system:

Answer 61

xylem and phloem

Question 62

conducts water and dissolved minerals from the roots to the stems and leaves and provides structural support.

Answer 62

Xylem

Question 63

is a complex tissue composed of four different cell types

Answer 63

xylem

Question 64

four different cell types:

Answer 64

tracheids, vessel elements, parenchyma cells, and fibers.

Question 65

these 2 elements—actually conduct water and dissolved
minerals.

Answer 65

tracheids and vessel elements

Question 66

they ccontain parenchyma cells

Answer 66

Xylem

Question 67

Xylem contains parenchyma cells, known as

Answer 67

xylem parenchyma

Question 68

perform
storage functions, and xylem fi bers that provide support.

Answer 68

xylem parenchyma

Question 69

are highly specialized for conduction of
water and minerals.

Answer 69

Tracheids and vessel elements

Question 70

the chief waterconducting cells in gymnosperms and seedless
vascular plants such as ferns, are long, tapering cells located in patches or clumps.

Answer 70

Tracheids

Question 71

these are long, tapering cells located in patches or clumps.

Answer 71

ferns

Question 72

are thin areas in the tracheids’ cell walls where a secondary cell
wall did not form.

Answer 72

Pits

Question 73

always occur in pairs, one on each side of the primary cell walls
of adjacent cells

Answer 73

Pits

Question 74

Flowering plants possess efficient water-conducting cells called

Answer 74

vessel elements

Question 75

Vessel elements are hollow, but unlike tracheids, they have holes in their end walls known as

Answer 75

perforations

Question 76

they are hollow, but unlike tracheids, they have holes in their end
walls

Answer 76

Vessel elements

Question 77

A stack of vessel elements, called a

Answer 77

vessel

Question 78

resembles a miniature water pipe.

Answer 78

vessel

Question 79

they also have pits in their side walls that permit the lateral transport of water from one vessel to another

Answer 79

Vessel elements

Question 80

are the conducting cells of phloem

Answer 80

Sieve-tube elements

Question 81

conducts food materials to plants

Answer 81

Phloem

Question 82

conducts food materials—that is, carbohydrates formed in
photosynthesis—throughout the plant and provides structural support.

Answer 82

Phloem

Question 83

In flowering plants, phloem is a complex tissue composed of four different cell types:

Answer 83

• Sieve-tube elements
• Companion cells
• Phloem fibers, and
• Phloem parenchyma cells

Question 84

Food materials are conducted in

Answer 84

solution

Question 85

Food materials are conducted in solution—that is, dissolved in water—through

Answer 85

sieve-tube elements

Question 86

are among the most specialized living cells in
nature

Answer 86

sieve-tube elements

Question 87

Sieve-tube elements are long, thin cells that are stacked end on end to form long

Answer 87

sieve tubes

Question 88

The cell’s end walls are called

Answer 88

sieve plates

Question 89

they have a series of holes through which
cytoplasm extends from one sieve-tube element into the next.

Answer 89

sieve plates

Question 90

are alive at maturity, but many of their organelles, including
the nucleus, vacuole, mitochondria, and ribosomes, disintegrate as they mature.

Answer 90

Sieve-tube elements

Question 91

Adjacent to each sieve-tube element is a

Answer 91

companion cell

Question 92

assists in the
functioning of the sieve-tube element.

Answer 92

companion cell

Question 93

(sing., plasmodesma)

Answer 93

plasmodesmata

Question 94

singular form of plasmodesmata

Answer 94

plasmodesma

Question 95

they occur between a companion
cell and its sieve-tube element.

Answer 95

plasmodesmata

Question 96

they do not conduct nutrients itself

Answer 96

companion cell

Question 97

it plays an essential role in loading food materials into the sieve-tube elements for transport to other parts of the plant.

Answer 97

companion cell

Question 98

this system consists of two complex tissues

Answer 98

dermal tissue system

Question 99

2 complex tissues in the dermal tissues system

Answer 99

epidermis
Periderm

Question 100

In herbaceous plants, the dermal tissue system is a layer of cells called the

Answer 100

epidermis

Question 101

but it splits apart as the plant increases in girth as a result of the production of additional woody tissues underneath the epidermis

Answer 101

epidermis

Question 102

a tissue several to many cell layers thick, provides a new protective covering as the epidermis is destroyed.

Answer 102

Periderm

Question 103

which replaces the epidermis in the stems and roots of older woody plants, composes the outer bark

Answer 103

Periderm

Question 104

is the outermost layer of an herbaceous plant

Answer 104

Epidermis

Question 105

is a complex tissue composed primarily of relatively
unspecialized living cells

Answer 105

epidermis

Question 106

Dispersed among these cells are more specialized guard cells and outgrowths called

Answer 106

trichomes

Question 107

are somewhat thicker toward the outside of the plant to
provide protection

Answer 107

Epidermal cell walls

Question 108

generally contain no chloroplasts and are therefore transparent, so light can penetrate into the interior tissues of stems and leaves

Answer 108

Epidermal cells

Question 109

is the outermost layer of an herbaceous plant

Answer 109

Epidermis

Question 110

Epidermal cells of stems and leaves secrete a waxy layer called a

Answer 110

cuticle

Question 111

this wax greatly restricts the loss of water from
plant surfaces.

Answer 111

cuticle

Question 112

facilitate the diffusion of carbon dioxide.

Answer 112

Stomata

Question 113

Stomata are
tiny pores in the epidermis between two cells called

Answer 113

guard cells.

Question 114

The epidermis may also contain special outgrowths, or hairs, called

Answer 114

trichomes

Question 115

occurs in many sizes and shapes and have a variety of functions

Answer 115

trichomes

Question 116

are simple, unbranched trichomes that increase the surface area of the root epidermis for more effective water and mineral absorption.

Answer 116

Root hairs

Question 117

(which comes into contact with the soil)

Answer 117

root epidermis

Question 118

replaces epidermis in woody plants

Answer 118

Periderm

Question 119

As a woody plant begins to increase in girth, its epidermis sloughs off and is replaced by

Answer 119

periderm

Question 120

forms the protective outer bark of older stems and roots.

Answer 120

Periderm

Question 120

are dead at maturity, and their walls are heavily coated with a
waterproof substance called suberin, which helps reduce water loss.

Answer 120

cork cells

Question 121

(also called phelloderm)

Answer 121

cork parenchyma cells

Question 122

function primarily in
storage.

Answer 122

cork parenchyma cells

Question 123

Plant growth involves three different processes:

Answer 123

Cell division
Cell elongation
Cell differentiation

Question 124

is an essential part of growth that results in an increase in the
number of cells.

Answer 124

Cell division

Question 125

(the lengthening of a cell)

Answer 125

Cell elongation

Question 126

new cells elongate as the cytoplasm grows and the vacuole fills with water, which exerts pressure on the cell wall and causes it to expand.

Answer 126

Cell elongation

Question 127

or specialize, into the various cell types These cell
types compose the mature plant body and perform the various functions required in a multicellular organism.

Answer 127

Cell differentiation

Question 128

It is considered an important aspect of
growth because it is essential for tissue formation.

Answer 128

Cell differentiation

Question 129

are composed of cells whose primary function is the formation of new cells.

Answer 129

Meristems

Question 130

do not differentiate. Instead, they retain the ability to
divide by mitosis, a trait that many differentiated cells lose.

Answer 130

Meristematic cells

Question 131

persistence of ——— means that plants, unlike most animals, retain the capability for growth throughout their entire life span.

Answer 131

meristems

Question 132

Two kinds of meristematic growth may occur in plants.

Answer 132

Primary growth
Secondary growth

Question 133

is an increase in the length of a plant.

Answer 133

Primary growth

Question 134

is an increase in the girth of a plant.

Answer 134

Secondary growth

Question 134

which produces the entire plant body in herbaceous plants
and the young, soft shoot tips and root tips of woody trees and
shrubs.

Answer 134

Primary growth

Question 134

Primary growth takes place at?

Answer 134

apical meristems

Question 135

this area consists of meristematic cells.

Answer 135

root apical meristem

Question 135

Directly behind the root cap, in the area of cell division, is the

Answer 135

root apical meristem

Question 136

a protective layer and covers the root tip

Answer 136

root cap

Question 137

where the cells have been displaced from the
meristem. Here the cells are no longer dividing but instead growing longer, pushing the root tip ahead of them, deeper into the soil.

Answer 137

Area of cell elongation

Question 137

the cells have completely differentiated and are fully mature

Answer 137

Area of cell maturation

Question 137

Within every bud is a dome of tiny, regularly arranged meristematic cells, the

Answer 137

shoot apical meristem

Question 137

Three primary meristems

Answer 137

protoderm
Procambium
Ground meristem

Question 137

is young, undifferentiated tissue of a root or stem that
eventually develops into epidermis.

Answer 137

protoderm

Question 137

is meristematic tissue that eventually develops into xylem and
phloem.

Answer 137

Procambium

Question 137

is meristematic tissue that gives rise to cortex, pith, and
ground tissue.

Answer 137

Ground meristem

Question 138

(developing leaves)

Answer 138

Leaf primordia

Question 138

emerge from the shoot apical meristem.

Answer 138

Bud primordia

Question 138

(develop-ing buds)

Answer 138

Bud primordia

Question 139

cover and protect the shoot apical
meristem

Answer 139

Leaf primordia

Question 140

Secondary growth is due to cell divisions that occur in

Answer 140

lateral meristems

Question 141

areas that extend along the entire lengths of stems and roots, except at the tips

Answer 141

lateral meristems

Question 142

Two lateral meristems are responsible for secondary growth:

Answer 142

Vascular cambium
Cork cambium

Question 143

is a layer of meristematic cells that forms a thin,
continuous cylinder within the stem and root.

Answer 143

Vascular cambium

Question 144

It is located between the
wood and bark of a woody plant.

Answer 144

Vascular cambium

Question 145

where are vascular cambiums located

Answer 145

between the
wood and bark of a woody plant

Question 146

is a thin cylinder or irregular arrangement of meristematic
cells in the outer bark region.

Answer 146

Cork cambium

Question 147

Cells of the cork cambium divide to form the

Answer 147

cork cells

Question 148

3 things that make up periderm

Answer 148

cork cells, cork cambium, and cork parenchyma

Question 148

cells that function in
storage.

Answer 148

cork parenchyma

Question 148

Secondary growth forms secondary tissues—that is —-

Answer 148

secondary xylem
secondary phloem
periderm

Question 148

Collectively, cork cells, cork cambium, and cork parenchyma
make up the

Answer 148

periderm