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BOTANY LEC > CELL METABOLISM (finals) > Flashcards

CELL METABOLISM (finals) Flashcards

1
Q

The chemical processes that occur in a cell are collectively
referred to as its

A

metabolism

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2
Q

Two kinds of chemical reactions occur in a cell’s metabolism:

A
  • Anabolic Reactions
  • Catabolic Reactions
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3
Q

The processing of energy by cells involves a transfer of energy through the flow of electrons

A

Oxidation– reduction reactions

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4
Q

is a chemical process in which a
substance loses electrons

A

Oxidation

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5
Q

is a chemical process in which a
substance gains electrons

A

Reduction

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6
Q

Electrons associated with hydrogen
are transferred to

A

electron
acceptor molecules

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7
Q

usually involves the removal
of a hydrogen atom and its single electron from
a compound.

A

oxidation

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8
Q

usually involves a gain of a hydrogen
atom (and thus a gain in an electron)

A

Reduction

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9
Q

The electrons are transferred to an ————- ———–, which temporarily accepts them until they move along to the next acceptor molecule

A

electron acceptor molecule,

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10
Q

The shuttling of these electrons from one
acceptor to another is known as an

A

electron
transport chain

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11
Q

3 organisms capable of photosynthesis

A

plants
algae
certain prokaryotes

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12
Q

absorbing and converting light energy from the
sun to chemical energy

A

photosynthesis

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13
Q

end products of photosynthesis are

A

glucose/carbohydrates
water
oxygen

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14
Q

which is any organic
material used as fuel

A

biomass

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15
Q

which includes wood, agricultural
wastes, and fast-growing plants, contains
chemical energy that can be traced to solar
energy captured during photosynthesis

A

Biomass

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16
Q

makes up a small portion of the
electromagnetic spectrum

A

Light

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17
Q

a vast and continuous range of electromagnetic radiations propagated through space and matter

A

electromagnetic spectrum

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18
Q

is the distance from one wave
peak to the next

A

wavelength

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19
Q

portion of vicible light in the electromagnetic spectrum
from what nm?

A

380 and 760 nanometers

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20
Q

the electromagnetic spectrum that humans can see it

A

visible spectrum

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21
Q

Light is composed of small particles, or packets,
of energy called

A

photons

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22
Q

The lowest energy state an electron possesses
is called

A

ground state

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23
Q

When an electron is raised to a higher energy level than its ground state the electron is said to be

A

energized

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24
Q

where does chlorophyll mainly lie?

A

mesophyll

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25
Q

a layer with many
air spaces and a high concentration of water
vapor

A

mesophyll

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26
Q

the pigment that
initiates photosynthesis

A

chlorophyll a

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27
Q

an accessory pigent that also participates in photosynthesis

A

chlorophyll b

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28
Q

photosynthetic pigments which are yellow and orange

A

carotenoids

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29
Q

is the main photosynthetic pigment

A

Chlorophyll

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30
Q

an instrument that measures the relative abilities of different
pigments to absorb different wavelengths of
light. The absorption spectrum of a pigment is a
plot of its absorption of different wavelengths of
light.

A

spectrophotometer

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31
Q

is a graph of the relative effectiveness of different
wavelengths of light.

A

An action spectrum of photosynthesis

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32
Q

(light of one wavelength)

A

monochromatic light

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33
Q

To obtain an action spectrum, scientists
measure the rate of ——— for leaf cells or tissues exposed to
monochromatic light

A

rate of photosynthesis at each
wavelength

34
Q

indicates the effectiveness of various wavelengths of light in powering photosynthesis

A

action spectrum of photosynthesis

35
Q

The principal raw materials for photosynthesis
are

A

water and carbon dioxide

36
Q

The energy that chlorophyll molecules absorb
from sunlight is expended to split

A

water

37
Q

The energy that chlorophyll molecules absorb
from sunlight is expended to split water, which
releases

A

oxygen and hydrogen

38
Q

what part of chloroplast are associated in light-dependent reactions

A

thylakoids

39
Q

carbon fixation reactions produce

A

carbohydrates

40
Q

these reactions “fix” carbon atoms from CO2 to existing skeletons of organic molecules

A

Carbon fixation

41
Q

reactions
have no direct requirement for light

A

carbon fixation

41
Q

referred to as the “dark” reactions

A

carbon fixation

42
Q

most common carbon fixation pathway

A

Calvin cycle

43
Q

Calcin cycle is named after

A

Melvin Calvin

44
Q

are light-harvesting units of the light-dependent reactions

A

Photosystems I and II

45
Q

the light-dependent reactions begins when these two absorbs light

A

chlorophyll a or accessory pigments

46
Q

Chlorophyll molecules and accessory pigment
molecules are organized with pigment-binding
proteins in thylakoid membranes into units
called

A

antenna complexes

47
Q

it absorbs light energy and transfer it to the reaction center

A

antenna complex

48
Q

which consists of chlorophyll molecules and proteins that participate directly in photosynthesis

A

reaction center

49
Q

Two types of photosynthetic units are involved in photosynthesis

A

photosystem I and photosystem II

50
Q

it contains a pair of chlorophyll a molecules with an absorption peak of P700 nm

A

photosystem I

51
Q

this reaction center is also known as P700

A

photosystem I

52
Q

it contains of a pair of chlorophyll a molecules with an absorption peak of 680 nm and is referred to as P680

A

Photosystem II

53
Q

a chain of alternatively oxidized and reduced compounds that links photosystems I and II

A

electron transport chain

54
Q

a cyclic flow of electrons through photosystem I that produces ATP

A

cyclic electron transport

55
Q

what photosystem is not involved in cyclic electron transport

A

Photosystem II

56
Q

it occurs by chemiosmosis

A

ATP synthesis

57
Q

ATP synthesis occurs
by

A

chemiosmosis

58
Q

noncyclic and cyclic electro trasport is embedded in the ——-

A

thylakoid membrane

59
Q

these photosynthesis units are involved in noncyclic and cyclic electron transport

A

photosystem I and photosystem II

60
Q

\

does a greater concentration of H+ in the thyakoid interior decrease or increase the pH?

A

decrease/lowers the pH

61
Q

an enzyme complex embedded in the thylakoid membrane

A

ATP synthase

62
Q

an enzyme that forms a channel through which the accumulated protons leaves the thylakoids

A

ATP synthase

63
Q

as protons pass through ATP synthase, some energy is used to form

A

ATP from ADP and
inorganic phosphate.

64
Q

The synthesis of ATP by
first producing a proton gradient

A

chemiosmosis

65
Q

uses the
energy released during electron transport

A

chemiosmosis

66
Q

Photorespiration reduces the
efficiency of the

A

C3 pathway

67
Q

it reduces the
efficiency of the c3 pathway

A

photorespiration

68
Q

these plants lose more water by
evaporation from their surfaces than the roots
replace by drawing from the soil

A

Water-stressed plants

69
Q

tiny pores in the
leaf surfaces through which CO2 enters and O2
exits during photosynthesis.

A

(stomata)

70
Q

Once the stomata close, photosynthesis in the
chloroplasts rapidly uses up the —– remaining in
the leaf, and the —– produced in photosynthesis
accumulates in the chloroplasts.

A

CO2 AND O2

71
Q

Occurs during intense daylight

A

PHOTORESPIRATION

72
Q

requires oxygen and produces CO2 and H2O.

A

PHOTORESPIRATION

73
Q

does not produce biologically useful energy.

A

PHOTORESPIRATION

74
Q

what kinds of plants common using the c4 pathway

A

plants with tropical origins

75
Q

3 examples of plants with tropical origins

A

crabgrass
corn
sugarcane

76
Q

..

Many desert plants fix carbon

using what pathway?

A

CAM pathway

77
Q

what does CAM pathway mean?

A

crassulacean acid metabolism

78
Q

name comes from the stonecrop plant family, the Crassulaceae

A

CAM pathway

79
Q

it is only one of the more
than 25 plant families that possess the CAM
pathway

A

Crassulaceae

BOTANY LEC (3 decks)

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